The Betrayal and Loyalty in Macbeth and Kite Runner

â€Å"A boy who won’t stand up for himself becomes a man who can’t stand up to anything. † Baba says these words to Rahim Khan while he is talking about Amir at the end of Chapter 3, and the quotation reveals important traits in both Amir and Baba. With these words, Baba sums up one of Amir’s major character flaws—his cowardice—and Baba shows how much value he places in standing up for what is right. Baba is reluctant to praise Amir, largely because he feels Amir lacks the courage to even stand up for himself, leaving Amir constantly craving Baba’s approval.Amir’s desire for this approval as well as his cowardice later cause him to let Assef rape Hassan. The quotation also foreshadows the major test of Amir’s character that occurs when he must decide whether to return to Kabul to save Sohrab. As Amir searches for redemption, the question he struggles with is precisely what concerned Baba: does he have the courage and stre ngth to stand up for what is right? â€Å"I actually aspired to cowardice, because the alternative, the real reason I was running, was that Assef was right: Nothing was free in this world.Maybe Hassan was the price I had to pay, the lamb I had to slay, to win Baba. † When Amir says this, toward the end of Chapter 7, he has just watched Assef rape Hassan,and rather than intervene, he ran away. Amir says he aspired to cowardice because, in his estimation, what he did was worse than cowardice. If fear of being hurt by Assef were the main reason he ran, Amir suggests that at least would have been more justified. Instead, he allowed the rape to happen because he wanted the blue kite, which he thought would prove to Baba that he was a winner like him, earning him Baba’s love and approval.The price of the kite, as Amir says, was Hassan, and this is why Amir calls Hassan the lamb he had to slay. He draws a comparison between Hassan and the lamb sacrificed during the Muslim hol iday of Eid Al-Adha to commemorate Abraham’s near sacrifice of his son to God. In this context, Hassan was the sacrifice Amir had to make to get the kite and ultimately to gain Baba’s affection. â€Å"That was a long time ago, but it’s wrong what they say about the past, I’ve learned, about how you can bury it. Because the past claws its way out. Looking back now, I realize I have been peeking into that deserted alley for he last twenty-six years. † At the outset of Chapter 1, just as the book begins, Amir writes these words. With them, he hints at the central drama of the story and the reason he is telling it. To the reader, the quotation functions as a teaser. It piques the reader’s interest without revealing exactly what Amir is talking about, and from the time period Amir mentions, twenty-six years, the reader gets an idea of just how important this moment was. As the story unfolds, we realize that the deserted alley Amir refers to is wh ere Hassan was raped, and that this event has largely defined the course of Amir’s life since.This is what Amir means when he says that the past continues to claw its way out. Try as he might to bury it, he was unable to because his feelings of guilt kept arising. As a result, he figuratively continues peeking into the alley where Assef raped Hassan, literally meaning that he keeps going over the event in his mind. â€Å"There is a way to be good again. † (pg. 2) Rahim Khan said this to Amir to encourage him to help Hassan’s son escape Afghanistan. †And he got to decide what was black and what was white. You can’t love a person who lives that way without fearing him too.Maybe even hating him a little. † (pg 15) This is Amir’s assessment of his father. It was a look I had seen before. It was the look of the lamb. † (pg. 76) Here Amir describes the look on Hassan’s face as Assef and two others rape him. The look reminds Amir of a sacrifical lamb. I envied her. Her secret was out. Spoken. Dealt with. † (pg 165) Amir makes this comment to the reader after Soraya tells him the whole story of how she ran away with a man and shamed her family. He wishes he could tell what secrets he carries around, too. Baba had wrestled bears his whole life . . In the end, a bear had come that he couldn’t best. But even then, he had lost on his own terms. † (pg 174) Baba has died and Amir sums up his life with these words. The Search For Redemption Amir’s quest to redeem himself makes up the heart of the novel. Early on, Amir strives to redeem himself in Baba’s eyes, primarily because his mother died giving birth to him, and he feels responsible. To redeem himself to Baba, Amir thinks he must win the kite-tournament and bring Baba the losing kite, both of which are inciting incidents that set the rest of the novel in motion.The more substantial part of Amir’s search for redemption, ho wever, stems from his guilt regarding Hassan. That guilt drives the climactic events of the story, including Amir’s journey to Kabul to find Sohrab and his confrontation with Assef. The moral standard Amir must meet to earn his redemption is set early in the book, when Baba says that a boy who doesn’t stand up for himself becomes a man who can’t stand up to anything. As a boy, Amir fails to stand up for himself. As an adult, he can only redeem himself by proving he has the courage to stand up for what is right.The Love and Tension Between Fathers and Sons Amir has a very complex relationship with Baba, and as much as Amir loves Baba, he rarely feels Baba fully loves him back. Amir’s desire to win Baba’s love consequently motivates him not to stop Hassan’s rape. Baba has his own difficulty connecting with Amir. He feels guilty treating Amir well when he can’t acknowledge Hassan as his son. As a result, he is hard on Amir, and he can on ly show his love for Hassan indirectly, by bringing Hassan along when he takes Amir out, for instance, or paying for Hassan’s lip surgery.In contrast with this, the most loving relationship between father and son we see is that of Hassan and Sohrab. Hassan, however, is killed, and toward the end of the novel we watch Amir trying to become a substitute father to Sohrab. Their relationship experiences its own strains as Sohrab, who is recovering from the loss of his parents and the abuse he suffered, has trouble opening up to Amir. When we got to Kabul, I [Rahim Khan] discovered that Hassan had no intention of moving into the house. â€Å"But all these rooms are empty, Hassan jan. No one is going to live in them,† I said. But he would not.He said it was a matter of ihtiram, a matter of respect. He and Farzana moved their things into the hut in the backyard, where he was born. I pleaded for them to move into one of the guest bedrooms upstairs, but Hassan would hear nothin g of it. â€Å"What will Amir agha think? † he said to me. â€Å"What will he think when he comes back to Kabul after the war and finds that I have assumed his place in the house? † Then, in mourning for your father, Hassan wore black for the next forty days. (16. 24-25) You may be confused by the voice here. It's actually not Amir – Rahim Khan gets one chapter in the book.Rahim Khan recounts his trip to Hazarajat to find Hassan and bring him back to the house in Kabul. When Hassan does move back to the house with Rahim Khan, he refuses to live where Baba and Amir lived. Does Hassan's refusal suggest that Hassan is only Amir's servant and the two never achieved an equal friendship? (Side question: Does Hassan sense – on some unconscious level – Baba's true relationship to him? Is that why he mourns Baba for forty days? ) I felt like a man sliding down a steep cliff, clutching at shrubs and tangles of brambles and coming up empty-handed. The room wa s swooping up and down, swaying side to side. Did Hassan know? † I said through lips that didn't feel like my own. Rahim Khan closed his eyes. Shook his head. [†¦ ] â€Å"Please think, Amir Jan. It was a shameful situation. People would talk. All that a man had back then, all that he was, was his honor, his name, and if people talked†¦ We couldn't tell anyone, surely you can see that. † He reached for me, but I shed his hand. Headed for the door. [†¦ ] I opened the door and turned to him. â€Å"Why? What can you possibly say to me? I'm thirty-eight years old and I've just found out my whole life is one big fucking lie!What can you possibly say to make things better? Nothing. Not a goddamn thing! † (17. 57-63) Rahim Khan tells Amir about Baba's betrayal of him, Hassan, and Ali. Here's the story: Baba slept with Sanaubar, Ali's wife, and fathered Hassan. But Baba never told Amir or Hassan about it. We wonder if Rahim Khan's revelation makes life easi er or harder for Amir. On the one hand, Amir sees, for the first time, the similarities between himself and his father. Now he knows he wasn't the only one walking around with a ton of bricks (a. k. a. secret guilt). But does this really help Amir?Is it comforting at all to know his father made similar mistakes? Amir's betrayal of Hassan brings him closer to Baba in ways he couldn't have predicted. Although the two don't share the same secrets, they do share the secrecy of guilt. â€Å"You know,† Rahim Khan said, â€Å"one time, when you weren't around, your father and I were talking. And you know how he always worried about you in those days. I remember he said to me, ‘Rahim, a boy who won't stand up for himself becomes a man who can't stand up to anything. ‘ I wonder, is that what you've become? † (17. 4) Rahim Khan has just asked Amir to rescue Sohrab from Kabul. Amir is initially resistant, so Rahim Khan tries three times to convince Amir to undertake t he task. (The task is obviously a redemptive quest because there's no reason Amir has to rescue Sohrab. Rahim Khan tells Amir he has enough money to get Sohrab, so it seems like anyone could have performed this task. ) Anyway, Rahim Khan gives Amir three reasons why he should rescue Sohrab. One, because your father thought you couldn't stand up for anything and here's your chance to prove him wrong. Second, it's my dying wish that you rescue Sohrab.And third, Hassan was actually your half-brother, so you owe it to him. We think all these reasons add up and Amir agrees to rescue Sohrab. Of course, the third reason seals the deal, but they're all important and end up motivating Amir. How could he have lied to me all those years? To Hassan? He had sat me on his lap when I was little, looked me straight in the eyes, and said, There is only one sin. And that is theft†¦ When you tell a lie, you steal someone's right to the truth. Hadn't he said those words to me? And now, fifteen yea rs after I'd buried him, I was learning that Baba had been a thief.And a thief of the worst kind, because the things he'd stolen had been sacred: from me the right to know I had a brother, from Hassan his identity, and from Ali his honor. His nang. His namoos. (18. 5) This is a central moment in the novel because it revises our picture of Baba, and thus our picture of Amir. Amir's guilt, all these years, has partly resulted from Baba's very strict adherence to a personal code. Baba's set of principles include honor (nang), pride (namoos), and loyalty. Now Amir finds out the following: not only did Baba â€Å"steal† Ali's honor and pride, but he stole a sense of self from Hassan, and a brother from Amir.What are you supposed to do when you find out the single most important figure of authority and morality in your life strayed from his principles? That's right, go on a personal quest of redemption to rescue your half-nephew from a sadistic, Mein Kampf-toting member of the Tali ban. I unfolded the letter. It was written in Farsi. No dots were omitted, no crosses forgotten, no words blurred together – the handwriting was almost childlike in its neatness. (17. 7)| First, it's amazing that Hassan learns how to read and write as an adult. But even more amazing is the aura of innocence still surrounding Hassan.Hassan lives through a tragic attack at a young age. His best friend, Amir, betrays him. He and his father leave their home. War comes to Afghanistan. But through all this, Hassan holds onto something like innocence. Chapter 16 – 17 Going to Kabul becomes a test of Amir’s honor, loyalty, and manhood. Amir is clearly afraid to go. He knows the city is extremely dangerous, and in returning there he would risk everything he has, including his life and the welfare of his family. Kabul will also undoubtedly recall memories of Hassan and his past that Amir would rather not confront.Rahim Khan recognizes that the decision is a difficult one for Amir. To convince him, he brings up the conversation he once had with Baba, when Baba said he feared that Amir would not be able to stand up to anything as a man if he could not stand up for himself as a boy. Amir concedes that Baba may have been right. Then Rahim Khan reveals that Ali was not Hassan’s father, and implies that Hassan was, in fact, Baba’s child. Hassan and Amir, then, would be half-brothers, and Sohrab would be Amir’s nephew, obligating Amir further to find the boy. The dilemma brings together the tensions Amir has struggled with in the novel.By rescuing Sohrab, Amir can become the man that Baba always wanted him to be, and he can finally atone for the ways he failed Hassan as a friend. â€Å"Do you know what I will tell Daoud Khan the next time he comes to our house for dinner? † Assef said. â€Å"I’m going to have a little chat with him, man to man, mard to mard. Tell him what I told my mother. About Hitler. Now, there was a leader. A great leader. A man with vision. I’ll tell Daoud Khan to remember that if they had let Hitler finish what he had started, the world be a better place now. † (Hosseini 43) Assef claims that Hitler was his role model.He has a same point of view as Hitler has. He wants the country to be one race, one religion and one belief. This is also related to the holocaust in WWII. We all know that Hitler’s actions fund the worst actions in human society because he started the WWII. He was also racist against people who have different beliefs and race. Similarly, Assef copied Hitler and isolated the Hazaras from the rest of the country. This prove that his attitude toward the country and those Hazaras end him up with suffering the serious consequences. Assef and Hitler‘s actions are the worst actions in human. His blue eyes flicked to Hassan. Afghanistan is the land of Pashtuns. It always has been, always will be. We are the true Afghans, the pure Afghans, not this Flat-Nose here. His people pollute our homeland, our watan. They dirty our blood. † He made a sweeping, grandiose gesture with his hands. â€Å"Afghanistan for Pashtuns, I say. That’s my vision. † This is a significant because this quote does a good job in terms of portraying Assef’s attitude toward those Hazaras. Assef said this when he is harassing Hassan. We all know that Amir was put in a situation where he has to decide whether he has to stand up for himself or following the belief of Pashtun bully.Assef harassed Hassan and Amir for not following their beliefs and he eventually joined Taliban and killed tons of Hazaras. This harassment due to different religion lead to the worst action the Taliban has done and this lead to the disunity of the country. Assef slipped on the brass knuckles. Gave me an icy look. â€Å"You’re part of the problem, Amir. If idiots like you and your father didn’t take these people in, we’d be rid of them by now. They’d all just go rot in Hazarajat where they belong. You’re a disgrace to Afghanistan. †This quote indirectly tells us that Assef’s attitude will lead Afghanistan to downfall and his point of view will drive him forward to join the Taliban to kill those Hazaras. He thinks Pashtun who spend time with the people with a different religion are disgrace to Afghanistan. His point of view is the same as Hitlers. He think those Hazaras should be always oppressed and Afghanistan is the land only for Pashtun. This is an unfair way of differentiating people. Afghanistan will have the potential to become more united without Taliban’s prejudice and the attitudes toward people with different religion.

Bad News or Refusal Letter

Oven last April 3, 2007. At BD Small appliances, we value customer satisfaction over anything else. We also take pride in providing quality assurance certified appliances to all out clients and do our best to offer the best after sales service in the market today through our optional extended warranty offer. Under the extended warranty offer, any appliance bought from our store carries an extended 2-year warranty on parts for factory defective appliances as well as free repair and service covering the first year of purchase.The extended warranty also comes with an option to replace the defective unit upon the request of the client. No questions asked. Unfortunately, your purchase is only covered by the regular warranty of the toaster that is good for only one year and covers only factory defects. The problem with your toaster stems from client misuse. Our company technician found a substance similar to melted butter and an unidentifiable sticky substance covering the heating coils. T his is what caused the toaster to break down.I also regret to inform you that because the defect of the toaster is does not stem from the factory production, the only option we can offer you is a repair of the item. The cost of the repair will be $47. 00, while a new toaster will cost $50. 00. As I explained above, the toaster is not covered by the extended warranty that would have allowed us to replace the toaster free of charge instead of repairing it. This is why we cannot accommodate your request for a brand new Moulinex Soft Crunch Toaster. I also regret to inform you that our return and refund policy only covers items purchased within 7 days.Refunds are also only done in the event of a factory defect. We would therefore like you to consider the 2 other options available to you, that is you may pay for the repair of the item or purchase a new one. Feel free to contact me at my direct number indicated at the end of this letter once you have made your decision or if you need furt her clarifications regarding this letter. I will be happy to confer with you at your convenience. Our company wishes we could do more for you to make up for the lost appliance so please accept the discount coupon worth $5.00 attached to this letter to help towards the purchase or repair of the your item. This has been a very difficult decision for our company to arrive at. I would have liked to bend company policy for you and give you a new toaster if it were possible for me to do so. I hope that this incident will not become a deterrent that will stop you from making future purchases at BD Small Appliances. Sincerely, Nicole Bridgford Customer Service Representative Contact Number: 551-429876 (Office Hours Only)

Evaluate the following article; discuss the research methodology and Assignment

Evaluate the following article; discuss the research methodology and implications for research in homeopathy - Assignment Example lbum 200, which are both collectively referred to as â€Å"verum† in the study, actually proved to be therapeutic only when â€Å"the volunteers [from the observed situation] were advised strictly to take arsenic-free water during the course of investigation† (Belon et al. 2007, p. 142). This therefore means that â€Å"some doubt was expressed as to whether the improvement noticed was actually due to their intake of the arsenic-free drinking water or†¦the homeopathic remedies† (Belon et al., p. 142). The study being analyzed right now was based on this idea that is why the 2007 study did not try to use any arsenic-free water for the purpose of avoiding the same confusion as the first studies that used such homeopathic remedies. However, the constant use of arsenic-contaminated water may have actually interfered with the expected results of the study since the subjects kept on taking arsenic-contaminated water at the same time that they were taking homeopathi c remedies. Thus, there could have been a sort of constant progression of the diseases brought about by arsenic contamination at the same time that the individual is being treated using homeopathic remedies. The efficiency of the remedy could have therefore been affected by the continuous supply of the cause of the disease. Furthermore, since the arsenic levels in every individual is not accounted for or that there is no way they could possibly be accounted for, then the study is therefore not entirely controlled. Some individuals may obviously be receiving relatively more arsenic levels than others, thus the effects of the homeopathic remedies on them may be different. In fact, this could have been the reason for the withdrawal of many of the respondents from the study who claimed that they did not experience ameliorating changes in them. Another problem with the research investigation was that 39 subjects of 20 males and 19 females may not have been enough as a particular sample size to represent the whole

Probation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Probation - Essay Example Probation oriented towards providing rehabilitation or therapeutic services to nonviolent offenders, a logical targeting of probation resources The punishment component therefore is to managed by the law enforcement agencies that already perform surveillance and control (police and sheriffs). An option is to increase specialization within probation by licensing more private agencies that offer Drug and alcohol treatment, education, and mental health services are also provided through contract with private providers. Day reporting centers for probation offenders are the cornerstones of local's corrections privatization in California. Day reporting centers might initially supervise low risk probation offenders who are not sentenced to jail. They agitate for imposition of home confinement sanctions, more frequently for pre-sentence surveillance in conjunction with electronic monitoring than as a stand-alone sanction. Electronic monitoring allows for long distance surveillance of offenders by either passive or active devices. Passive devices operate via radio transmissions in a wrist or ankle bracelet. Active devices use home telephones and computerized random calls to an offender's residence. Electronic monitoring is a component of many house arrest and ISP programs. Offenders may be sentenced directly to electronic monitoring, but some are placed on this sanction when jail crowding occurs, while others are placed on a monitor after violating a previous probation sanction Probation/Parole as agency of rehabilitation In a rehabilitative role the probation officer serves as a social caseworker, a counselor whose primary concerns are generally in the best interest of the offender. In this role, a probation officer must know how to interview, how to obtain facts about an offender's background, how to identify and distinguish surface from underlying problems, what community resources exist, and how to make referrals to such resources. Counseling is required for a variety of offenders including thieves, serious drug offenders, domestic violence offenders, and sex offenders. They are usually given a high-risk assessment status and are monitored closely by counseling staff and specialized probation officers. Who monitor some rehabilitation-related activities such as urinalysis testing, outpatient drug and contracting-out treatment and residential alcohol treatment Probation/Parole as advocate agents With probation inclined towards privation could possibly lead to the probation-related functions. Probation bonds could be required from appropriate offenders. The bonds would be privately guaranteed; with the bonding agency ensuring that a probationer fulfills the terms of probation this would be similar to the current bail system. Public Owned/Volunteer-Operated Day Reporting Centers Probation/Parole as law enforcement agents [ The main idea for probation was to offer alternative sanction programs that required Parolees judged in need of daily structured regimentation to undergo intensive supervision, including frequent and unannounced contact by probation officers outside a confined jail environment. In the law enforcement role, however, the probation officer is a control agent, an authoritarian figure, and a threat to the offender's conditional freedom. The dual role of probation is evident in the classic definition: "Probation strives to protect the community through the rehabilitation of the offender.

Conflict of Interests Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Conflict of Interests - Term Paper Example This is because its consequences have the potential of adversely affecting the corporate image of an organization or public office. In addition, conflict of interest is considered unethical in the sense that it leads to biased considerations and ways of doing business that may lead to a downfall of an organization. As a result, it is always considered imperative for any organization or public office to put in place measures aimed at mitigating or preventing altogether circumstances that might give room for conflict of interest. This is particularly done by instituting ethical code of conducts among other strategies as will be elaborated in the paper. Conflict of Interests Introduction Conflict of interest is a common word, widely used in the world today. Nevertheless, many still does not understand well its full significance. What is certain is that the term is not complex as some may think. This is because conflict of interest illustrates situations that a majority of us find themse lves into particularly when we are confronted with ethical decisions regarding duties conferred upon us. However, what is acknowledged is that, conflict of interest is unethical and must be avoided by all means. This can be traced back to the biblical teachings, which says, â€Å"thou shall not serve two masters† (Gordon, 2005, p.16).... What is noted is that conflict of interest knows no boundary in an organization as can be witnessed among top chief executives, board of directors, managers, as well as employees. This paper will explore ‘conflict of interest as a major ethical issue in the world today. What is conflict of interest? To begin with, conflict of interest arises when an individual, particularly an employee has multiple interests with the potential of clashing against each other. In the workplace, self-interest usually arises when an employee pursues other interests other than the professional or public interests which he or she is expected to pursue. Conflict of interest is usually considered unethical under the company’s code of conduct because it affects the general performance of an organization since it causes an individual to diverge from the interests of an organization to personal interest (Lewis, 1997). Situations that constitute conflicts of interest There are a number of situations that constitute conflict of interest in the workplace that is likely to jeopardize the effective running of an organization. One such is a situation where a male manager happens to date a female employee who is directly answerable to him or where a female manager dates a male employee who reports directly to her. In such a situation, a conflict of interest arises because the relationship between the employee and the manager affects the effective management of the company, as the manager will in most cases tend to appear lenient to the employee even if the employee whom he is in a relationship with happens to have made a problem. For instance, the employee who is in a relationship with the manager may

Bacteria menningitis haemophilus influenza Essay

Bacteria menningitis haemophilus influenza - Essay Example It is responsible for lower respiratory tract infections in children. They are opportunistic pathogens and only become pronounced on exposure of the body to viral infections, immune dysfunction, and chronic inflammation. They stick to the cells by use of adhesions such as TAA. It causes pneumonia, bacteremia, and acute bacterial meningitis. It also causes infectious arthritis, osteomyelitis, epiglottitis, and cellulitis. Vaccination is available against the bacteria using their conjugates. However, non-encapsulated strains do not get affected and cause otitis media (ear infection) and conjunctivitis. Causative Agent The Haemophilus influenza meningitis is caused by Haemophilus influenza type b bacteria. The bacteria are in the kingdom of bacteria; phylum is proteobacteria; the class is gamma proteobacteria; the order is pasteurellales; the family is pasteurellaceae; the genus is haemophilus and the species is Haemophilus influenza. It is a rod shaped gram-negative bacteria coccobacil lus bacterium (Evans and Brachman 14). It possesses the aerobic nature but can also grow as a facultative anaerobe. It has two serotypes; the encapsulated and the non-encapsulated strains. The encapsulated strains were classified into H. Influenza: a (Hia), b (Hib), c (Hic), d (Hid), e (Hie), and f (Hif). This classification is based on the capsular antigens present. The non-encapsulated are non-typable due to the lack of the capsular serotype. They produce inflammatory responses and remain less invasive. The inflammation of the meningeal membranes, which covers the brain, causes the symptoms of meningitis. This makes them resistant to the H. influenza vaccine that is induced to vaccinate against the bacteria. This leads to conditions like pneumonia and otitis media often seen in children, which are the complications, associated with meningitis. H. influenzae, in a Gram stain of a sputum sample, appear as Gram-negative coccobacilli H. Influenzae on an agar plate. Pathogenesis The pa thogenesis of the bacteria is not well defined. However, the main factor to its pathogenesis is the type b polysaccharide capsule. This capsule harbors the antigen responsible for the effects associated with the disease. The encapsulated bacteria can penetrate the surfaces of the epithelium and get into the blood capillaries without hindrance. The antigens present on the capsule allow for its direct penetration. The capsule enclosure makes the bacteria resist phagocytosis by the phagocytes and, thus, its infiltration into the inside. The complement cascade of the host immune system cannot act on the bacteria, thus, making it get invasive. The non-encapsulated strain is lowly invasive compared to the encapsulated. This is because they lack the capsule, hence, the lack of antigens responsible for infiltrating the bilayer. However, they can induce the inflammatory response of different cells that later cause disease. This later leads to the symptoms associated with the disease. It is a lso abundantly evident after an infection of the upper respiratory region. The infection multiplies by spreading from the respiratory tract and then to the bloodstream and later spreads to the meninges. At the meninges, the pathogen induces inflammation and the complement activation. This inflammation around the meninges causes the meningitis associated with the disease. This affects nerve impulse transmission and, thus, causes illness or later death. The bacterium also produces beta lactamases, to aid in its resistance

Work in a Team and its Problematic Considering Assignment

Work in a Team and its Problematic Considering - Assignment Example This will help know if the participant really deserved admission into the group. To help address the concern of the participant, I will inquire if he/she understands reasons for admission into the group. If he/she does not know the reasons for joining the group, I will ask her/him state any suspicion on the part of the person who organized his/her joining the group that could warrant plan for his/her admission into the group. If the life challenges of the participant and suspicion ought to have triggered someone into planning his/her admission into the group coheres with the purpose of the group, I will employ persuasion techniques to help the member realize how he/she is in need of counseling and related services. One of the challenging issues that might arise in the Grief Recovery Group is religious preference. There might be attempts by certain members of the group to align along religious affiliations, which may discriminate and isolate others (Core, Corey & Corey, 2010). This might prove a big challenge to the whole group considering that members will have different beliefs and views that will make it difficult to harmonize ideas. To handle religious preference, I will ask the partnering members demonstrate how their religious affiliation affected their performance in the group. I will also ask the members aligning along common religion to describe their feelings towards others when they align along religious lines. I will also ask the members about how they would feel if they were the victims of the consequences of religious preferences and the actions they would like taken to ensure that members enjoy unity despite the differences Another challenging situation likely to occur in the Grief Recovery Group involves aged persons using illegal drugs. Some members of the group  may decide to begin the use of illegal drugs in bid neutralize their stresses and perhaps help them out of their problems. As a group leader, I will tackle such a problem by initiating a special session with the victim member. I will ask the member narrate reason for joining the group and objectives or achievements expected out of the group sessions.  Ã‚  

Nursing concept of burn out Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Nursing concept of burn out - Research Paper Example In addition, such an individual will experience depersonalization (Cordes & Dourherty, 1993). In all occupations, including nursing, individuals experience stress mainly because of the work they do. When individuals experience stress at work, they become tired and their productivity level at work drops significantly. Therefore, burnout generally results in absenteeism, high employee turnover, decreased productivity of employees, as well as increase in physical conditions in employees, including headaches, insomnia, among others (Cordes & Dougherty, 1993). If employees experience stress in their work, the management, together with the employees themselves should look for appropriate ways of getting rid of any work-related stress they are experiencing. If this is not addressed and is left to continue for a long time, it results in burnout, which is more lethal. Burnout extends its effects from the individual to their families and jobs. Different studies show that burnouts are prevalent in helping professions such as social work and healthcare professions, including nursing (Elder, Evans, & Lizette, 2012). This paper will review considerable literature on the concept of burnout, and compare and contrast studies conducted on this concept in different years. This will culminate in a reflection on the concept of burning as presented in the studies, in order to provide a framework for enhanced understanding of burnout in nursing. According to Poncet et al. (2006), the concept of burnout has existed since the 1970s. Different studies have been conducted on this concept over the years, to understand it well for increased chances of dealing with the situation in affected organizations. In 1999, Jansenn, Jonge, and Bakker, conducted a study among different nurses in order to establish the various determinants of work motivation, burnout, and turnover among nurses. Poncet et al. conducted another study in 2006, and this sought to establish the degree of burnout in the nurs ing staff that was concerned with critical care. Finally, most recently in 2012, Spooner-Lane and Patton conducted a study in which they aimed at debunking the determinants of burnout among the nurses that worked in public hospitals. In their definition of the concept of burnout, Spooner-Lane and Patton (2012) argued that burnout is not a symptom of work stress, but is what unmanaged work stress culminates into. They have used various definitions from different scholars to clarify more on the nature of burnout. Overall, from their definition, it remains that burnout is a result of extreme work-related stress. On the other hand, Poncet et al. (2006) have begun by highlighting a short history about the concept of burnout. They argue have defined the burnout syndrome a condition that results when employees fail to put up with the emotional stress they experience at their work place. They have alternatively defined burnout syndrome as the state in which an employee feels they have faile d, and are exhausted after they have used most of their energy in their job. Poncet et al (2006) have emphasized the detrimental effects of burnout syndrome on both the employee and the organization. Both Poncet et al. (2006) and Spooner-Lane and Patton (2012) have identified the epidemiological issues of burnout syndrome. Spooner-Lane and Patton (2012) have analyzed emotional exhaustion, while Poncet et al. (2006) have investigated headaches, exhaustion, insomnia, eating

An analysis of Vitamins a short story by Raymond Carver Essay

An analysis of Vitamins a short story by Raymond Carver - Essay Example Patti attests to it herself on claiming that in early years of her youth, it is something she would not figure herself doing or one that occurs to be a last resort. While it generally sounds to be freaking a hell out of the female characters in Patti, Sheila, and Donna, the storyteller being the only guy among them exhibits the opposite or passive role in relation to the three. His function appears to serve a neutralizing effect in the middle where similarities reflect across the intertwined lives of the three women who have spanned control of themselves beyond his weak influence at providing comfort. As an irony in the theme, the vitamins sold by Patti, Sheila, Donna, and the hospital where he works are altogether symbolic of a prevention or cure to sickness however, as these characters remain attached to their conventional situation, the routine with vitamins and hospital augments the conflict and no resolution is found in the absence of external intervention or consideration of po ssible alternatives that would shift the level of personal undertaking for each. (2) Do the main characters' personalities, behavior and goals change during the story? If so, how? Significant change is not evident in the outlook and the way by which the narrator manages getting confronted by the challenges set by Patti. He briefly states in the beginning that Patti was first unemployed and by deciding to reverse this fate and give herself respect on working to sell vitamins makes positive hint or direction at progress from the initial condition as Patti even reaches the point of having people put under her supervision. This status, nevertheless, becomes unfulfilled since the state of economy and consumerism turns out not in favor of supplement acquisition, implying that in reality there exists a number of concerns far more worthy of savings and investment than vitamins are. In the manner R. Carver channels the thoughts and observations of the narrating main character, a reader can f eel a degree of needing to promote an element of transformation in his life as well as how this might impact that of Patti’s. As the story proceeds to gather the cast in a Christmas party to somewhat alleviate and enliven the dull, sickening mood with the bad economic trend of vitamin business, Sheila triggers rivalry with the male narrator yet escapes to make way for Donna in weaving new circumstances for Patti’s lover. A sense of seduction through Donna’s character takes the storyteller to an attempt at infidelity, leaving his fed-up partner to yield to a momentary space and grasp beyond the world with Patti in a newer dimension at Off-Broadway with Donna. Somehow, he develops another perspective in an appreciation of Khaki who seems to love his work as a bouncer, as opposed to Patti. Clearly, this event suggests that he is up for a change or for something to challenge his way out of the lifeless endeavor and depressed mode of living. At the instant Nelson com es over with Benny to lure Donna with money and gradually snatch here away from him, he allows a couple of moments to pass as if no real peril lurks. Here,

One Shot Society Essay Example for Free

One Shot Society Essay As the great Colin Powell said, â€Å"There are no secrets to success. It is the result of preparation, hard work learning from failure. † People’s success in life is determined by their sacrifice and hard work while young. We can go back in time and arrange every error we commit, meaning that we only have one opportunity in life. My essay will talk about the differences between Hondurans and South Koreans in terms of effort, opportunities, demands and expectations. Countries such as South Korea take very seriously the academic part of life in order to succeed in every aspect of it. Since early people grow with this way of life in which giving every inch of effort counts. Parents lead their children with strict habits of studying instead of doing other activities. Society demands youth to get well prepared for life and they have to respond by demonstrating it in their academic life. The results of studying and being dedicated shows when preparing for college. For example, admissions test for college is a day where society paralyzes, because this is crucial, this is the only shot they got to start with the right foot and have a decent life for probably the next 60 years. If people are not enough dedicated, they will have more difficulties in life. Koreans are usually hard working by nature; they don’t need to be told what to do, they work for it and at the end everything pays. On the other hand we have Honduras, a poor country where society has low demands on individuals; A country where goods are not fairly distributed. Not everyone in the country has opportunities to succeed, if people do not have money, even if they have the desire of giving everything in academics, opportunities do not present. Public education is very poor. Only the social class that can pay has a fair higher education. Academics is not something primary and society’s demand are not so harsh on young people. Even if youth doesn’t have a fine education after high school they can probably find a way out and earn money and because of this reasons not every student gives all their effort. Opportunities present to the ones who know wealthy people and government figures. The majority of Hondurans are not hard working people and society doesn’t give that much opportunities. These two countries are very different in almost every aspect but have similarities on a few. South Korea is a rich powerful country where every kid has to be very dedicated to their studies in order to succeed, young people usually study until 4 and then go with tutors, and meanwhile few Honduran kids are dedicated because of the poor society demands. Schools end about 2 or 3, then do a couple of homework and that’s it. 00% of South Korean parents want their children to get to college, while not every Honduran parent sees college as a mandatory thing to do. The level of work in South Korea surpasses Honduran one and the results show in the evolution as a society and as a country. The little similarity between these two countries is that not so much work opportunities are presented for people who study, making it hard for some people to succeed. In conclusion people should take advantage of that one shot life gives us even if we are in different countries.  To make a difference and overcome difficulties people have to be hard workers to demonstrate society our capacities and accomplish our life goal, which I think for the most is having a wealthy life. Rich countries such as South Korea evolve because of their work, even if this means doing sacrifices and passing through lots of stress. At the end results will show and society will grow. â€Å"Those who have everything given to them become lazy, selfish, and insensitive to the real values of life. The very striving and hard work that we so constantly try to avoid is the major building block in the person we are today†.

Strategies to Reduce Hospital Acquired Infections

Strategies to Reduce Hospital Acquired Infections REVIEW OF LITERATURE When we think about hospital, one thing comes to our mind is â€Å"Hospital is the place for cure†. This revolutionary idea of treating the patients under the same roof was considered to ease the job of healing. But due to lack of knowledge of sterilization and antisepsis, it turned wrong in Pre- Listerian era leading to gangrene and death of patients which were suffering from wounds. Due to this reason a new discipline was emerged called as senics which was mainly dealing with the Hospital Acquired Infection (Nosocomial Infection). Semmelwis in 1861 with the help of medical officer and students observed the association of Puerperal sepsis in patients. Thus by the introduction of hand washing with chlorinated lime, he was successful to bring dramatic reduction in infection rate. Hospital acquired infection (HAI) are infections acquired during hospitalization, which are not present at eh time of admission (Atata et al, 2006). According to Baveja in 2002, the term hospital acquired infection, hospital- associated infection, hospital infection or nosocomial infection(nosocomion,meaning hospital) is defined as infection developing in patients after admission to the hospital ,which was neither present nor in the incubation period at the time of hospitalization . Such infections may become evident during their stay in the hospital or sometimes after their discharge. Due to its increased mortality and morbidity in the hospital patients these HAIs are of significant cause. HAIs are also caused due to prolonged hospital stay which are inconvenient for the patient and constitute economic burden on health care (Malhotra S, et al 2014). Dancer in 1999, depicts that microorganisms which are associated with hospital acquired infection displays two important characteristics, firstly those are the pathogens of well-established medical importance and secondly they also can withstand the hospital environment which benefits them outside temperature. Thus providing an appropriate environment niche for their survival until they transfer back to patients. Some pathogens originate from patients own flora especially those who are immunocompromised whereas others can survive in human tissues and thus rely upon person to person spread in order to disseminate. The patients who are immunocompromised due to underlying diseases, medical or surgical treatment, age are typically affected by nosocomial infections. In pediatric ICU, the hospital acquired infections are approximately three times higher than elsewhere in hospitals (Weistein 2006). Pathogen transference occurs most commonly by presence of bacterial or fungi in inanimate surfaces and equipment or between the hands of health professionals and patients (Kayabas et al., 2008). The transmission of microorganisms from hands of health care workers, medical equipment and surfaces which has become contaminated with a wide variety of pathogenic and nonpathogenic organisms has become a significant proportion of hospital environment infection which ultimately results in crosscontamination (Sehulster et al., 2003). When compared to other hospital patients, the patients who are hospitalized in ICUs are 5-10 times more likely to acquire nosocomial infection. The risk of infection and the frequency of infection vary by infection site. The increasing incidence of infection is caused mainly by antibiotic-resistant pathogens leading to seriousness of hospital acquired infection (Weber 2006). Some of the common human pathogens like, Staphylococcus aureus, Acinetobacter spp, En ­terococcus spp and Escherichia coli can survive for longer periods of time on the hospital surfaces or formites that can potentially transmit infectious organisms (Kramer et al., 2006). The primary sources of indoor air contamination are the microorganisms. When compared to outside air environment, the indoor air environment can potentially place patients a greater risk because enclosed spaces can confine aerosols and allow them to build up to infectious level. The relative humidity and/ or the moisture content of the materials determine that to what extent different micro-organisms are able to grow on indoor or outdoor materials (Dhanasekaran et al., 2009). Adebolu and Vhriterhire in 2002 reported that magnitude of hospital acquired infection is dependent upon the number and type of visitors, mechanical movement within the enclosed space, quality of hospital systems and level of hygienic conditions in hospital environment. Sites where infections acquired in hospitals and other healthcare facilities. To be classified as a nosocomial infection, the patient must have been admitted for reasons other than the infection. He or she must also have shown no signs of active or incubating infection. Depending on the hospital involved, 1 to 10 percent of the patients affected die as a result of the nosocomial infection (George Krucik 2014). Most of these infections can be prevented while others are unavoidable. In hospitals the contaminated surfaces are increasing the cross transmission which is shown in figure-2. Figure-2 Showing the contaminated surfaces in hospitals (source: Wikipedia). These infections occur: Up to 48 hours after hospital admission Up to 3 days after discharge Up to 30 days after an operation In a healthcare facility when a patient was admitted for reasons other than the infection. In the United States, it has been estimated that 9.2 out of every 100 patients acquire a nosocomial infection Pathogens Causing Infection According to the CDC, the most common pathogens that cause nosocomial infections are Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeroginosa, and E. coli (C.Glen May hall 2004). Based in biological and clinical criteria, the national Healthcare Safety network (NHSN) has categorized into 50 infection sites under 13 major types for the surveillance purpose (W. Bereket et al., 2012). When choosing the test organisms that are clinically relevant to human pathogens, six different organisms are considered to be major threats. These pathogens cannot cause the most devastating illnesses but majority of them will compromise with antibiotic resistant infections that are seen in most healthcare settings. These are commonly called as ESKAPE pathogens namely Enterococcus faecium, Staphylococcus aureus Klebsiella pneumonia, Actinobacter baumanni, Paeudomonas aeruginosa and several species of Enterobacter. These (ESKAPE Pathogens) pose a biggest threat that physician face today. To fight with them we definitely need some new drugs and need some cooperation among industry and government to setup RD (research and development) infrastructure to fill the needs of new drugs tha t will tackle tomorrow’s infectious diseases threats. Escherichia Coli It is oxidase negative, Gram negative, and facultative anaerobic. It is one of the common organisms that are involved in Gram negative sepsis and endotoxin-induced shock. It is one if the leading cause of blood stream infections among all other Gram-negative pathogens. It is the fifth leading pathogen for causing blood stream infection in United States (Maazuddin t al., 2014). According to Bijay Kumar Chandra 2012, a study was concluded that Escherichia coli were most common agent found in nosocomial diarrhea. Some of the common infection caused by this organism includes wound infection, urinary infection, meningitis in neonates, pneumonia in immunocompromised hospitalized patients and E. coli associated diarrheal disease or gastroenteritis. It also possess broad range of virulence factors which are responsible for disease such as UTIs and gastroenteritis (Brooks GF et al., 2007). Enterococcus spp These are gram-positive cocci typically arranged in short chains and pairs. These grow optimally at 350C on a complex media which requires carbon such as glucose, nucleic acid base and vitamin B. when enriched with sheep blood agar, it supports the growth with large and white colonies. Enterococcus species are facultative anaerobic and are considered as a part of normal flora in genitourinary tract and gastrointestinal tract of humans. Enterococcus species have emerged as a one of the most important pathogen of hospital environment. The major enterococcal infections of humans are caused by two species namely Enterococcus faecalis and Enterococcus faecium. Enterococci are one of the most important hospital acquired pathogens. Isolates of Enterococcus faecium and Enterococcus faecalis are the third most prevalent pathogens worldwide. The most common infection produced by this organisms are intra-abdominal infection, urinary tract infection, pelvic infection, surgiclal wound infection, endocarditis, bacteremia, neonatal sepsis and rarely meningitis. Enterococcus faecalis is the most common cause of infection (80-90%) followed by Enterococcus faecium (10-15%) (Marothi YA et al., 2005). Staphylococcus aureus Staphylococcus aureus is by far the most important pathogen in the hospital environment in all the genus staphylococcus. It is non-spore forming, non-motile, gram positive, catalase positive facultative anaerobe arranged in clusters (Wahington CW et al., 2006). The indicence of nosocomial blood stream infection is more known to be caused by S. aureus (Rodrigo et al., 2012). S. aureus is rarely isolated from urinary tract infection (T.Grace et al., 1993). This S. aureus is both pathogen and commensal. Approximately 30% individuals are intermittently colonized with S. aureus whereas 20% are persistently colonized. It is one of the leading cause of hospital acquired infections. Methicillin resistance staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) are the one which causes most of the infection and its isolation is continuously increasing (S Khono et la., 2007). Infections may occur during hospital stay by streptococcus and staphylococcus species when compared to other Gram-negative bacteria. Coagulase Negative Staphylococci The coagulase-negative staphylococci (CNS) species are widely known to cause NTs specifically bacteraemia in patients with prosthetic implants and catheter and also in patients who are immunocompromised. Staphylococcus epiermidis and Staphylococcus haemolyticus are the teo well known species and occur most common in CNS species (C.Geary et al., 1997). Coagulase negative staphylococci, Staphylococcus aureus and Enterococcus are the three most widely isolated pathogens which tends to cause blood stream infections. After hospitalization of the patient, the CNS usually takes 19 days to cause bacteraemia. The mortality rate of CNS is less when compared to some other pathogens (Aldof et al., 200). For the colonization of CNS, the main reason is its antimicrobial resistance. This CNS isolates is resistant to Oxacillin or nafcillin and methicillin (T Grace et al., 1993). Pseudomonas aeruginosa It is a Gram-negative with mucoid polysaccharide capsule typically arranged in pairs. It is a well known cause of pneumonia, endophthalmitis, conjunctivitis, sepsis and also associated with high mortality rates. Potential reservoirs include humidifiers, equipment, incubators, sinks, tap water and hands of health care workers. The identification of this pseudomonas aeruginosa is mainly based on simple biochemical test and colony characteristics. It colonizes the respiratory and gastrointestinal tracts of the hospitalized patients. When normal defense mechanism is impaired, the pathogenesis by this organism is initiated. Pseudomonas aeruginosa attaches and colonizes the mucous or skin and invades locally to produce systemic disease. This process is mediated by different virulent factors like enzymes (proteases, elastases, phospholipase C), Pili and toxins (endotoxin A). P. aeruginosa produces infection such as blue-green pus, urinary tract infection, meningitis, and necrotizing pneumon ia (Contreras GA et al., 2008). Many contemporary studies showed that, the antibiotic resistance among the gram-negative bacteria is increasing especially of pseudomonas aeruginosa. The rate of resistance towards ceftazidime and imipenem by Pseudomonas aeruginosa was increasing dramatically. Prevention of Infection There are number of simple care practices that can reduce the probability of developing a Hospital acquired infection. Some of them include sterilization of resuscitation bags and masks, elimination of overcrowding, decreasing number of heal sticks, use of sterile suctioning technique, careful preparation and storage of infants formulas, using single dose administration of medications and avoiding drugs associated with increased risk of nosocomial infection. Infection Control Committee The infection control committee is a board which deals with the preventionof hospital acquired infections. It involves multidisciplinary personals like pharmacists, physicians, clinical microbiologists and others. This committee works on co-operation, information sharing principles and inputs. It has many different tasks to perform for the eradication and prevention of hospital acquired infection. It has to review and approve the surveillance data when needed. It has to examine and encourage the infection control practices and provide proper staff training in infection control safety. It also need to assess the new devices used in the hoapital for their risk in violating infection control stratergies and slso to communicate and co-operate with the hospital control committees for information. According to infection committee statistics, the infection rate were increased from 13.8- 22.1 per 1000 catheter days (Jeffery et al., 2005). Therefore infection control committee plays a key rol e in preventing the nosocomial infection. Hand Hygiene Hand hygiene has been considered to be the most important tool in nosocomial infections control. One of the significant contributors to the outbreaks of this hospital environment infection is failure to perform appropriate hand hygiene. Resident and transient microorganisms are known to be the natural microflora of the skin of hands. The resident microorganisms survive and multiply on skin and does not cause any harm to human flora whereas transient microorganisms represent recent contamination of hands which is acquired from colonized or infected patients/clients or contaminated environment or equipment. These transient microorganisms are not isolated consistently from most of the persons. When compared to resident microorganisms, the transient microorganisms which are found on the hands of health care personnel will become as a primary source of infections. Gram negative coliforms and Staphylococcus aureus has been known to be the most common transient microorganisms (Sarmad et al. , 2009). Appropriate hand washing results in reduced incidence of both nosocomial and community infection (Kampf et al., 2004).An estimated 40 percent of nosocomial infections are caused by poor hand hygiene (WHO). Hospital staff can significantly reduce the number of cases with regular hand washing (Figure-8). They should also wear protective garments and gloves when working with patients (James Chin 2000).

The Origin of Robots Essays -- Asimov I Robot Essays

The Origin of Robots Over the years mankind has advanced greatly in the field of technology and day by day we continue to advance. The future holds many possibilities, one of which is living in a world with robots. Isaac Asimov shared his view of this possible future in his novel I, Robot. His view portrays robots as machines superior to humans mentally and physically. If robots are superior to humans, how do humans control the robots? Humans create the three Laws of Robotics, which are instilled into the positronic brains of every robot created. These laws state that no robot can harm or allow harm to come to a human, they must obey humans (unless it conflicts with the first law), and no robot can harm itself (unless it conflicts with the first two laws). In Isaac Asimov's novel I, Robot, Asimov uses independent short stories as told by robo-psychologist Dr. Susan Calvin, to show the evolution of robots and how they relate to the Laws of Robotics. Robbie is the first robot portrayed in Asimov's novel. This robot doesn't talk and is used as a nursemaid. Robots at this time are socially unacceptable which is important to acknowledge when considering their evolution. The story of Robbie mostly introduces robots, but it also touches on the first rule of robotics. Gloria, the little girl Robbie took care of, was almost killed and Robbie saved her instantly because of the first Law of Robotics and the humans involved delayed their reaction. This is also an example of how robots were superior to humans. Unlike "Robbie," the next story, "Runaround," goes into more detail of the Laws of Robotics. "Runaround," shows a robot's conflict with the second and third laws. Speedy, the robot with the conflict, is casually ordered to do ... ...ship. The machines exist because of humans and humans cannot exist without the machines. In Isaac Asimov's novel, I, Robot, robots have come a long way starting with the inaudible Robbie all the way to the machines that control the world. The irony of the society is that in the first story robots were not socially acceptable but in the final story, society depends on robots for survival. Not only have the robots and the Laws evolved in Asimov's novel, but his society has as well. Asimov shows this evolution with his use of short stories. Separately, each of the stories are just tales about particular robots and how they relate to the Laws of Robotics. When these stories are merged into one novel, they create an entirely new theme that cannot be shown when separated. Works Cited Asimov, Isaac. I, Robot. Greenwich, Connecticut: Fawcett Publications, Inc. 1950

Essay --

Revolutionary War Essay There were so many famous spies that were involved in the revolutionary war, and helped tremendously. The British and the Colonist had spies that did work against each side. Benjamin Franklin was not only an inventor he was also a spy he went to England multiple times and spied on parliament for the Colonist. His family was loyal to the crown so he could get in and out without being suspicious or raising any alarm. Nathan Hale was also a major spy who made a difference in the war. He only had one mission as a spy, because he was caught. His occupation was being a school teacher in England, while being the school teacher he would collect his notes on what he saw that would help the Colonist. As he was going to a meeting to give the information he wrote down to the Americans he was caught. He thought that the boat arriving was the Americans when really it was the British, and when they stopped for him they searched him. While searching him they found the papers with the inform ation he collected from spying and was arrested. He was then sentenced to hang the next day, and his tragic death would inspire the nation as he was more a martyr then a spy. Then we can’t forgot the most famous and traitorous British spy Benedict Arnold. Congress made Benedict Arnold angry, and he decided to trade secretly with the British. He was very helpful to the British, because he was close to Washington. His mailman was then found eventually with a letter to the British general, and was beheaded. Arnold then heard of his mailman’s death, so he fled to England and was awarded for his services. Men weren’t the only ones spying there were also women spies. There was a woman named Miss Jenny who was a British ... ...hen she would do her laundry if she left a white sheet up, then it meant there was a letter to be picked up. These spies used so many different codes and strategies that were very difficult to interpret, and kept them in the dark from the country they were spying on. Spies had to have amazing memorization skills, because of the codes. Types of coded writing were numbers that stood for different meanings like certain numbers would mean George Washington, fort, attack etc. The spies would also have silver containers that could be swallowed to keep the information from being found at blockades. That takes some serious dedication, because swallowing a silver container could be detrimental to their health. These spies went to extreme measures to not get caught, and if they were they would rarely break and give up the information and that takes determination.

Essay --

Austin Gutierrez Mr. Saluga Honors English 10 14 January, 2014 Physical Therapists When the occupation of â€Å"Physical Therapist† or â€Å"PT’ is mentioned, most people would think of a professional that works to rehabilitate athletes. This is partially correct because not only do physical therapists work at athletic facilities, but at hospitals, nursing homes, and physician offices as well (U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics). Physical therapists work hard and stay on their feet constantly to help someone to the best of their ability (U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics). Being a physical therapist is a spectacular job option for those who will focus on their education, licensing, and training to flourish in a job territory that is vastly increasing. To become a successful physical therapist, a large amount of education, experience, and licensing is needed. Prior to entering college, it would be in ones best interest to take the courses anatomy, biology, physics, and health. These courses can grant the individual background information and assist when going through tougher courses later in life. The first plan of action for someone pursuing this career path would be to earn their Bachelor’s Degree consisting of undergraduate/ pre PT courses. After obtaining this degree, the individual is able to attempt his Doctor of Physical Therapy Degree or â€Å"DPT†. Content areas during both of these programs include the aforementioned suggested courses plus other topics such as finance, clinical reasoning, evidence-based practice, endocrine/metabolic functioning, and musculoskeletal usage. The lengths of these programs are typically 3 years long each (Normative Model of Physical Therapist Professional Education: Version 2004 ). All PTs must receive a graduat... ...e a long and tedious journey. However, in the end, all the hard work pays off. American Physical Therapy Association. Normative Model of Physical Therapist Professional Education. Version 2004. PT Evaluative Criteria: Revised January 2014. Published: October 26, 2004. Print "Benefits of a Physical Therapist Career." Benefits of a Physical Therapist Career. N.p., n.d. Web. 15 Jan. 2014. "Career as a Physical Therapist." Salary Site. N.p., n.d. Web. 15 Jan. 2014. "ExploreHealthCareers.org." Physical Therapist. N.p., n.d. Web. 15 Jan. 2014. "Physical Therapist (PT) Education Overview." Physical Therapist (PT) Education Overview. N.p., n.d. Web. 12 Jan. 2014. "Role of a Physical Therapist." Role of a Physical Therapist. N.p., n.d. Web. 12 Jan. 2014. "Summary." U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, 8 Jan. 2014. Web. 14 Jan. 2014.

Active Directory & DNS Servers

Scenario:I am working at two branch offices and have been tasked with where to place the Active- Directory Integrated DNS Servers and what type to use. One of the branch offices is very small and (5 users) and has a very slow network connectivity. Do I need a DNS Server and, if so, which type of zone should it hosts? The second branch office is much larger (about 30 users) and has better network connectivity. Does this office need a DNS Server and, if so what type of zone would you recommend?Response:Dear Junior Admin; I really appreciate the opportunity to assist you in regards to implementing Active Directory & DNS Servers in your â€Å"Windows† environment. Let me start by saying that without DNS your network will more than likely not function because clients will not be able to resolve names to (IP) addresses, also DNS enables network devices such as printers and computers to communicate on the internet or locate one another within the organizations local network. Based o n the given scenario, you have made an excellent choice of configuring the â€Å"Active Directory Integrated Zones† because Active Directory has the following benefits: Fault Tolerance – Redundant copy of DNS zone information can be stored on multiple servers. Security – DACL can be modified by specified user groups.Zones are Multimaster – zones can be updated in more than one location. Efficient Replication – Zone transfers are replaced by more efficient Active Directory replication. Maintain use of secondary zones – if needed.Note: Since Active Directory-Integrated Zones follow a multimaster update model which means all zones contain a read/write copy of the zone and can make changes to the zone information, â€Å"primary and secondary distinctions are not necessary.† The smaller Branch office with (5) users will require will house what would normally be your Secondary Server, utilizing the Active Directory with Integrated Zones wil l compensate for the slow network because it will avoid forcing queries across a slow wide area network link. The larger Branch office with (30) users certainly requires the utilization of DNS & Active Directory Integrated Zones† and will house what would  normally be known as your Primary Server and Primary Zone If you have any further questions, feel free to contact me at [email  protected]

Harmonium: Acidic Soil Essay

The poem harmonium examines the relationship of a father and son. I think Armitage has written this poem for parents and children as they would be able to relate to the emotions in the poem. The Author uses the Farrand Chappelette which is a type of Harmonium or small organ to help him reflect the love that he has for his father. In the first stanza the poet talks about the Farrand Chappelette which was â€Å"gathering dust† telling us that it is getting old and it was due to be taken to the skip if Armitage had not wanted it. In the final line of the first stanza Armitage declare that he could have it for a â€Å"song â€Å" an idiom which means that he could have had it very cheap. In the second stanza the poet talks about the sunlight through the glass which could â€Å"beatify saints† in other words bless them and make them more god like and above normal people. Armitage the contrasts this positive statement by saying it had â€Å"aged† the harmoniums case and â€Å"yellowed the fingernails of its keys†. I the last few lines Armitage tells us how the harmonium is played by telling us the organist plays it by continuously pedalling the pedals. In the 3rd stanza the poet talks about the age of the organ and how he and his father had sung there and were good singers. The 4th stanza is the most powerful one as he talks about his father coming to help pick up the harmonium and his father jokes saying that one day he will â€Å"shoulder† his father’s â€Å"dead weight meaning his coffin when he dies. Armitage finds it hard to reply to such a poignant remark because of the emotion of he feels at the thought of his father’s death. I think the poem has a mixture of moods from the first verse to the last and moods that are very contrasting such as the first 2 stanzas are quite happy emotions about how the sun gleams through the glass and the last verse is about the emotions of his father dying. The poet uses many techniques in the poem such as metaphors for example â€Å"fingernails† describing how the sun has ruined the keys of the organ. Also the poet uses personification saying that one of the notes has â€Å"lost its tongue. In the 3rd stanza Armitage uses alliteration twice in the same line, the â€Å"hummed harmonics still struck a chord†. I think this the poet is trying to tell us that the harmonium is close to his heart even though it is old and aged and i think that â€Å"struck a chord† has a double meaning that it also triggered a memory of him singing in church which the verse then goes onto say. I think the message of the poem is that one day your parents will die and the thought of that is not very comforting but remembering the good and bad times can help you get through this. The poem for me is written from the heart and is emotionally very overpowering and the last verse is so powerful that it makes me understand that someone close to me will die one day and I will be too shocked and late to prevent it. When the unfortnate event of acidic soil strike some farms, plants are unable to grow. Using slakes of lime which is a base cancels out the acid in the soil. You need to check the righ amount of acidity in the soil in order to put the same amount of base so that you do not over do it and keep it neutral. This process is called NEUTRALISATION. After the lime is inserted the acidity will fade away and the plants will grow. Farmers add lime, calcium oxide, to soil to help neutralise the soil as most plants grow best in neutral or slightly alkali soil. The lime can cancel out the acidity caused by acid rain. In agriculture, calcium carbonate may be added to acidic soil. The calcium carbonate enters into a neutralization reaction with some of the acid in the soil water, and the soil pH becomes more basic. In farming nitrogen oxide reacts with OH from the rain to form nitric acid which then acidifies the soil making it hard for the plants to grow. The acid stops the growth of the roots therefore the plant cannot absorb enough nutrients which makes the plant grow very slowly and sometimes turn a yellow colour due to the large amounts of acid. N02 + OH = HNO3 This is a huge problem for farmers so they spray calcium carbonate onto the acidic soil to neutralize the soil so that the pants can grow better and faster which is needed for farmers to make a better profit it and the reaction produces produces the calcium nitrate. CaCO3 + HNO3 = Ca(NO3)2 + H2O + CO2 The plants can then use these nitrate ions in the soil and combine them with glucose to make amino acids which the plant the uses for proteins which help it grow and turns the acidic soil into more nutrients for the plant which it needs to grow.

The Role of Media in Our Lives

Topic: The Role of Media in Our Lives INTRODUCTION Thesis Statement: There are some roles of media such as, as information provider, as an entertainment, as a tool for communication, and help to doing business. BODY 1st Supporting Paragraph Topic Sentence: Media was became one of the biggest warehouses of information in the world. 2nd Supporting Paragraph Topic Sentence: All of types of media have a function to entertain people. 3rd Supporting Paragraph Topic Sentence: Another role of media for our lives is help people in doing business. CONCLUSION Restating main pointsThe Role of Media in Our Lives What will be happen if people in the world lost their television, radio, phone, magazines, and computer? Are they still can do their works as usually? Of course, they cannot do it because some of the things which needed for helping to do their works are lost. Those things are the example of media. â€Å"In all communication, the most important part is you. † 1 In all to receives so me information, the most important thing is media. There are several roles of media in our lives, that is as information provider, as an entertainment, and as the tool of doing business.Throughout decades, media have became one of the most powerful weapons in the world. As time passed, more and more varieties of media were shown, like television, magazines, and internet. From reporting the news to persuading us to buy certain products, media became the only connection between people and the world. 1 Media was became one of the biggest warehouse of information in the world. Almost the information that people need already provided in the media and additionally the information is come from many sources in various countries. It is helped many people to know about what is going on during the day by giving the news.Mass media and Electronic media are the kinds of media that provide information for people such as information about education, politic, economic, environment, sport, and even job vacancy; The example of mass media are newspaper and magazines; The example of electronic media are television, radio, and internet. Yes,media plays a significant role in our society. It has helped many people during the terrorist attack and 24 hours busy giving news . 2 All of the types of media have a function to entertain people. When people in the bad mood, they can read magazines, watching television, listening the radio, and researching internet.Newspaper and magazines can entertain people trough the articles about fashion, jokes, and story about something unfamiliar with the color full pages. Television can entertain people with many kinds of films, programs, education. Radio, hand phone, and computer can entertain people with listening the music. Internet can entertain people by allows the people to research all kinds of material or information on their computer, playing game, and can find new friends ; By log in to yahoo messenger, facebook, twitter, and so on people fi nd new friend in all over the world.Another role of media for our lives is help people in doing business. Media makes people especially businessman easy in advertising and selling goods or services. It makes the company saving more time to do something important related to their business than presented their product door to door. Many people and company use television, internet, newspaper, magazine, and radio, to advertise their product. Not only for advertise and selling, people also can buy the product online by using the internet. Nowadays, media are very important and popular . For the simple fact that is become part of our daily routine.Every morning the family guy reads the newspapers to acquire inform without any type of criticisms. People spend hours and hours watching Television to acquire entertain the same case with the Internet. People used Television as main type of media to advertise it goods. Actually media has several roles such as to provide information, to entertai n, to help people in doing business. BIBLIOGRAPHY 1. De VITO, Joseph A (2005) Fifth Edition : Essential of Human Communication Pearson Education, Inc 2005 2. http://www. 123helpme. com/preview. asp? id=155955 3. http://www. shvoong. com/social-sciences/1776136-influence-media-life/

Change and Conflict Theories and Change Agent Essay

What does it take to for an organization to become successful? Research suggests that an effective institution is one that is infused with competent, motivated employees who have been molded to succeed. However, this process takes effort from both sound management and motivated employees. If either is not fully committed, then failure is sure to follow. On the other hand, if done properly, any organization will become enriched with employees who will constantly strive for perfection. The bottom line is that a well-mentored and motivated employee helps produce a successful organization. Before any organization can institute change, the management team must identify and understand the concept of change theory. In other words, he or she should have a clear picture of those internal and external forces that create successful situations and those circumstances that hinder progress. Three basic types of organizational change theories come to mind; they are environmental change, teleologica l change and life cycle change. The lecture notes describe environmental change, â€Å"that which involves situations and the environment around an individual or group. Environmental change is unplanned and a result of changes in the environment (South University, 2013). An example is Florence Nightingale’s Environmental Theory Defined Nursing: â€Å"The act of utilizing the environment of the patient to assist him in his recovery† (Journal of the American Psychiatric Nurses Association, 2010). This theory focuses on changing and influencing the environment in order to put the patient in the best possible conditions such as, having access to fresh air, pure water, cleanliness and sanitation. Nightingale considered a clean, well-ventilated, quiet environment essential for recovery (Nursing Theorists, n.d.). Teleological change theory is a repetitive sequence of implementation, evaluation and modification of an end state based on what was intended (Van de Ven & Sun, 2011). Teleological change or planned change is purposeful social construction among individuals within the organization undergoing change and individuals do not recognize the need for change (Van de Ven & Sun, 2011). Changes occur because management sees the need for change but may fail from lack of plans. This can be improved by teambuilding and training (Van de Ven & Sun, 2011). Another change theory is life cycle theory which describes the process of change as progressing through different stages and activitie s over time (Van de Ven & Sun, 2011). In most organizations, life cycle changes are based on  routines learned in the past for managing repeated changes in efficient and effective ways and how individuals are able to adapt (Van de Ven & Kangyong Sun, 2011). Organizations go through different life cycles similar to those of people. For example, people go through infancy, child-hood and early-teenage phases, which are characterized by rapid growth over a short period of time. Comparably, organizations go through start-up, growth, maturity, decline, renewal and death. A leader should take time to explain the change, how it will benefit the organization and how it will help to achieve the organization’s vision. The effect of change on the staff must be thought out and a plan must be implemented to avoid confrontational consequences. Most importantly, leaders should constantly communicate every detail as simply, clearly and extensively as possible. Conflict Theories Conflict theory focuses on the negative aspects of society. Contemporary theory say conflicts are expected between human beings, beneficial and are the result of change (Conflict management, n.d.). Social conflict pertains to each individual advancing their own interest, conflicting with the interests of others. Social conflict theory uses one’s own desires. Conflict evolves from two individuals wanting the same thing or wanting two different things. Thomas (1976), put conflict into two categories: cooperative and assertiveness (South University, 2013). The ones who end up controlling the majority of these resources exert their power over others with the use of inequality causing social conflict over the struggle of power. This way of thinking is derived from Karl Marx who saw society as being split into different groups all competing for the same social and economic resources. Social conflict theory is complex by inequality and conflict that cause social change. Organizationa l conflict is a dispute caused by apparent conflict of needs, values and interests between people working together. Organizational conflict theory enhances productivity, decision-making, cooperation, communication and employees who work together (Organizational conflict, 2013). Organization conflict in the workplace occurs from personality differences and personal problems such as childcare issues or family issues. Organizational factors that cause conflict are leadership and management styles, budget constraints and disagreements among staff members (Organizational conflict, 2013). Organizational conflicts can  also occur when two or more departments within the same organization compete for the same limited resources, such as budget, equipment and the need for additional staff. Organizational conflict can be negative to staff and the faculty. This constant competition can create stress and result in poor outcome for patients. This implies as an individual develops, they need to be given more responsibility and the opportunity to develop their potential (Organizational conflict, 2013). Another type of conflict is interpersonal conflict. This occurs when two nurses disagree on an issue. Interpersonal conflict can be noticeable when a person verbally attack s someone. Thus, the result can be damaging to the medical facility if patients witness the conflict (Dodge, 2009). Intrapersonal conflict may occur for a nurse who feels overwhelmed as she struggles to balance her job requirements with her personal life and beliefs (Dodge, 2009). Conflict resolution With the change in health care, conflict is certain to happen. Managing and addressing conflict and facilitating a healthy work environment is essential (South University, 2013). According to Follet and Deutsch, conflict could be constructive and not viewed as a weakness. Follet studied the effectiveness of handling interpersonal conflict in an organization with domination, compromise and integration (South University, 2013). In 1976, Thomas devised an effective way to handle conflict by accommodating, avoiding, collaborating with members of management and encouraging compromise (South University, 2013). Accommodating is the willingness to meet the needs of others at the expense of one’s own needs; in essence, keeping the peace is more important than â€Å"winning† a small battle. Avoiding conflict is trying to evade the conflict completely. This is a weak and ineffective approach. Collaborating is trying to meet the needs of all people involved. This style is important in order to bring together different viewpoints to make a decision or to agree on a solution. Competing is when one takes a firm stand on what he believes is true. This style is used as a position of power and expertise then used in situations that need an immediate answer. Compromising is when one tries to find a solution that satisfies everyone. This style is effective when the cost of conflict is higher then the cost of losing (Manktelow & Carlson, n.d.). Change Agent The Change Agent is a person who brings a positive change to the health care environment. Nurses play the role of change agent by bringing improvement (Nursing, 2011). An effective nurse leader, as a change agent, resolves conflict by incorporating communication with conflict resolution to get what they need accomplished on a day-to-day basis. Nurses dislike conflict and like to avoid it at all cost. Nurses take a passive approach to conflict management, calming the situation and not addressing it directly. Nurses do not confront the behavior for fear that it will only make matters worse (Blake & Young, 2013). The Change agent must identify the problem, the importance of the problem, address the people involved, and have the confidence to resolve it. Change agents need to implement plans to achieve and change goals (Grossman &Valigra, 2008). They must be proactive in order to address the issue or problem before it becomes a major conflict. An example of a conflict is a family memberà ¢â‚¬â„¢s request for a second opinion regarding the patient care. The nurse leader should have a nurse intervene and go to the family in order to help relieve their anxiety. She should be an active listener and remain calm. Nothing sets people off more than when they feel they are being ignored or patronized. It is easy to become emotional but it is not worth getting into a volatile discussion that ends in confrontation. Finally, she should seek a solution and work to come up with a solution or a compromise good for both parties. Nurse leaders use conflict resolution with collaboration. Both parties of the conflict confront the problem. The nurse leader takes equal concern for both sides by listening and communicating with the parties. Then both parties can collaborate and identify what they can agree on and evaluate the differences for a solution (South University, 2013). A situation that comes to my mind deals with a supervisor and a subordinate. During this interpersonal conflict, I witnessed on many occasions two strong-willed personalities clash that often ended in verbal altercations. In these situations, the subordinate is a highly self-centered female who cares little about those within hearing distance. On the other hand, our supervisor is very laid back and genuinely well- liked by most people. However, when the two came together, they clashed over the speed in which my co-worker completed her tasks. Although, she was very thorough with her work, it often meant that  she could not handle the same load as the others in the office. Therefore, as co-workers, we had to pick up the slack. This person did not deal well with how the conflict was resolved which often ended up with counsel for insubordination. The tension between the two grew more intense over a period of three to four years. This conflict ended when our supervisor resigned. Nurses in health care today use avoidance as a style for managing conflict which is usually counterproductive. This leads to stress and further conflict. Nurses who repeatedly avoid conflict hold onto the feelings of irritation, frustration or anger with themselves. Avoidance does not solve the problem or prevent the conflict. Competition can result from one individual or group gaining up on another. Attempts to solve conflict with power and control will result in unstable situations and negative communication. Lastly, competitive individuals fail to identify the concerns and needs of others (Handling conflict, n.d.). Conclusion In conclusion, for an organization to be successful, the management team and leaders must identify and understand the concept of change theory. Nurse leaders need to be aware of conflict that can occur with change in the health care environment. Nurses have difficulty with change because it can be related to interpersonal conflict, social conflict or organizational conflict. An effective leader is a change agent by being proactive, be an effective listener and have great communication. A change agent must identify the problem, the importance of the problem, know the people involved and have the confidence to resolve it. Nurses in health care today hinder the resolution of conflict by avoiding the conflict. The nurse leader can help by steering the conflict to a positive outcome. References Dodge, A. (2009, November 10). Types of Conflicts in Nursing | eHow. EHow. Retrieved October 18, 2013, from http://www.ehow.com/about_5630265_types-conflicts-nursing.html Habel, M., RN, MA. (2013). The Power of Change | CE365-60 Content. The Power of Change | CE365-60 Content. Retrieved October 18, 2013, from http://ce.nurse.com/content/ce365-60/the-power-of-change/ Handling conflict. (n.d.). SAGE – the Natural Home for Authors, Editors and Societies. Retrieved October 19, 2013, from http://www.sagepub.com/ Manktelow, J., & Carlson, A. (n.d.). Management training and leadership training, online. Mind Tools New Articles RSS. Retrieved October 19, 2013, from http://www.mindtools.com/ Journal of the American Psychiatric Nurses Association. (2010, November/December). 24th Annual Conference of the American Psychiatric Nurses Association (16), 366-387. Retrieved from http://jap.sagepub.com Blake, N., PhD, RN, CCRN & Young, C. (n.d.). How to be an effective charge nurse. Nursing Theorists. (n.d.). Nursing Theorists. Retrieved October 19, 2013, from http://currentnursing.com/nursing_theory/nursing_theorists.html Oberleitner, M. (n.d.). Theories models and frameworks from administration and management. University of Illinois at Chicago – UIC. Retrieved October 19, 2013, from http://www.uic.edu/ Organizational conflict. (2013, October 15). Wikipedia. Retrieved October 19, 2013, from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organizational_conflic t South University Online. (2013). Leadership in a Diverse Society: Week 3: Conflict Theories. Retrieved from www.myeclassonline.com Van de Ven, A. H., & Sun, K. (2011, August). Breakdowns in Inplementing Models of Organization Change. Academy of Management Perspectives, 25(3), pp. 58-74. Retrieved October 18, 2013, from http://www.neeley.tcu.edu

Politeness Theory by Brown & Levinson Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Politeness Theory by Brown & Levinson - Essay Example Everyone has a genuine face and a face with the mask. While speaking to someone you go by pretentions, depending upon your estimate of the nature of the individual. Smart sales personnel in a departmental store frame their own definitions and strategies while dealing with the customers. But impolite disposition should not be a rule but an exception. Howsoever powerful may the waves of the ocean, their real nature is mere water! Similarly man’s real nature is politeness. Impoliteness is the hallmark. Polite and impolite also need to be understood in the linguistic, cultural and ethnic contexts. Culture impacts our way of expression. Word meanings and their implications in a particular context are different.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   My real life examples as to how politeness saved the situation   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Politeness is peace-giving. Politeness needs to be tempered with humor in critical situations. It is not the trait of the weakling. It is an asset of the strong! â€Å"Silence is the sweetest sound on Earth,† said Mr. Boris Pasternak, the famous Russian author. I politely disagree and desire to give some examples from my own life, why and how I was obliged to break the barrier of silence to defend myself without offending the individual in front of me. In one of the arguments in the shopping mall when I was making desperate attempts to restrict the possible cut on my credit card, and requesting my wife to put a break to the shopping spree, she challenged me to ask, â€Å"Do you always think that whatever you say is correct?†

This is the Trade Law Exercise Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

This is the Trade Law Exercise - Term Paper Example The WTO law that Newland first has to look into is based on the definition of unfair and what is considered as problematic to the company. Unfair trade is based on cartel agreements, price fixing and the abuse of a dominant position in the market. There are also specific rules that are based on dumping which Newland will need to look into. The dumping and subsidization that Newland is currently practicing doesn’t show that they are violating provisions of the WTO law and are practicing in compliance with what is expected in these terms. However, the problems with others in Richland lead to questionable actions that can be taken against Newland. Changing the operations then becomes necessary to keep offering products within Richland. Dumping and Newland Dumping is defined as bringing a product into another country at a lower value and price of the product. WTO doesn’t prohibit the practice of dumping in an organization; however, the problems with dumping becoming harmful to the domestic affairs to the community cause the WTO standards to change to ensure consistency and that specific regulation measures are taken. From this viewpoint, Newland isn’t breaking any laws, specifically in terms of dumping. They offer specific prices at a lower value to Richmond; however, this isn’t one that is considered illegal according to WTO practices. The problem that is arising is based on the domestic harm that is occurring. Richmond is now having difficulties with suppliers of the domestic product, which is causing the main conflict and has led to a loss of income and many businesses have lost their practice to Newland. The loss of business shows that there needs to be a different provision specifically for Richland because of the crisis with domestic products. While Newland technically isn’t breaking any laws with the anti-dumping measures, there are specific ways in which Richland can form against the large amount of profit that Newland is taking. The first way is through Article VI of GATT 1994. This states that if a specific company or individual files a grievance against the company, then it can be referred to in court. These specific actions against dumping may move into civil or criminal proceedings and penalty. However, since there are no other regulations with anti-dumping measures in the WTO law, this is dependent on a case by case basis. The only determinant is if the law suit is filed correctly and with the right type of grievances. However, under this same agreement, price undertakings and provisional measures are not the responsibility of WTO. The individual case that has to be created against Newland has to take calculations and measure to prove that dumping is being done, specifica lly in terms of price and the amount of products that are being sold. The calculation first implies that dumping is occurring, which compares the price to price value of Newland and other furniture manufacturers. Newland is known for carrying cheap furniture; however, the production isn’t inclusive of being outside of the price zone of other furniture zones and can’t be calculated. For Newland to be subjected to anti-dumping duties there would need to be proof that the furniture is below the regulation level for selling the furniture under priced. Determining whether the sale is in the ordinary course of

Case study of Aetna 2000 Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Of Aetna 2000 - Case Study Example been purchasing a new business, thus, expanding its range of operations, and in turn having a variety of services in the healthcare sector with its various health products. They also offer a range of financial products and services. The company, due to its acquisition of a number of businesses, operates internationally and even provides pension services. The company is considering reorganizing its structures so that the health services will be grouped as global health, and the financial services will be grouped as global financial. This will facilitate efficiency and cost effectiveness in the company due to the sharing of resources for both local and international operations, as well as the use of technology. Through this, quality will be achieved in the company’s operations. Due to the procedure of its operation and those of the newly purchased businesses, the company is facing so many legal issues, with the government finding out that it is operating against what is legally recommended for such operations. After acquisition of Well Point Inc. business, Aetna went into an agreement to purchase other businesses dealing in insurance products, yet the businesses were operating as non-profit ones yet Well Point is a profit making business. This means that Aetna did not expect to make any profits from the acquisition. The company was involved in the provision of managed health care services. It is provided that for any loss of life, such businesses will be liable, and with this being a law within the nation, the business was obliged to ensure that no loss occurs to their client so that they are not held liable. There has been an increase in the cost of health care in the nation with a very high percentage. This has affected the company because just like other companies in the organization, they are committed to enhancing a reduction of the cost for the benefit of their clients, which may results to a decline in profitability. There is increased competition from