Caminar Conjugation in Spanish, Translation, and Examples

The Struggles of a Gifted Student in And Still We Rise,...

A state that undertakes custody of a child is declaring that it can do a better job providing protection. This system is a powerful agent of support, providing positive nurturing environments that enable a child to reach his or her potential. Nonetheless, when children suffer additional abuse in the system, this government intervention should be questioned. In And Still We Rise, Miles Corwin chronicles the daily struggle of gifted students in 1997’s South Central L.A. Even with abundant street temptations and challenging peer experiences, these students find refuge in a school system that affords them both happiness and hope. Everyday is a challenge, and yet, they continue to strive for success. The novel offers insight into a†¦show more content†¦Experiencing further unstable environments, these children are forced to move from one foster home to another. They rarely develop meaningful relationships and constantly endure lack of care and protection by adults. Sabreen, another gifted student, was able to excel in school despite her unstable environments. She, too, became a ward of the county battling to find a stable home, constantly being placed in unstable environments, environments that do not encourage any achievement. When her situation becomes untenable, she goes AWOL, like Olivia, refusing to return to county supervision. Corwin masterfully frames the problem that wards, like Olivia and Sabreen, face when they feel that going back into the system is not an option. The additional struggles can be seen through Olivia and Sabreen accepting jobs with long hours in order to make enough to pay their bills. The responsibility on taking care of themselves financial ly detracts from their studies, which quickly can become a vicious, never-ending cycle. Most of the foster families that Olivia and Sabreen encounter have no genuine care, and offered mostly a stressful living situation. Abundant studies have shown stressful living environments to have a negative effect on children’s development (McLoyd, Hill Dodge). Throughout the novel, the foster homes were located in the city’s poorest neighborhoods, and contained awful conditions. Thus, the combination of aShow MoreRelatedProject Managment Case Studies214937 Words   |  860 Pageshandout provided by instructor) 8 PROJECT SCHEDULING 293 279 Crosby Manufacturing Corporation 9 PROJECT EXECUTION 299 295 The Blue Spider Project 301 Corwin Corporation 317 Quantum Telecom 329 The Trophy Project 331 Concrete Masonry Corporation 334 Margo Company 343 Project Overrun 345 The Automated Evaluation Project 347 The Rise and Fall of Iridium 351 Missing Person-Peter Leung 369 Zhou Jianglin, Project Manager 377 10 CONTROLLING PROJECTS 381 The Two-Boss Problem 383 The Bathtub

Dependency on Computer free essay sample

Lots of people accept the most invention that is computer. While people didn’t need to computers in the days of old, nowadays computers are used almost everywhere. The life without computer is impossible for people. Not only computer but, also internet. We are so much dependent on computers. Although PCs make many things esaier for us, there are some evidence that depending on computers brings negative results. Supporters of dependence on computers a good thing say that we can learn easily information about whatever we want, find a friend who live to other cities, and work from home on computers. We know that science and teconology will be more developed, our life can easier use computers. However, such an argument completely ignores that fact that people will be more dependence on computers each passing days. Computers makes us lazy and passive. Before computers, we did lots of thing such as go to the park, visit to friends but now we don’t do that we want to stay at home with our computers. Argues that computers today have become an inseparable part of our lives, making a difference not just at the work place, but also in our personal lives. Written in 2005; 1,634 words; 7 sources; Paper Summary: This paper is about how society has changed due to technology and how much humans depend on technology and what a big part of our lives it is. It discusses how the technological revolution has changed the way we function and looks at our dependency on technology in our day-to-day lives. From the Paper: Only a few years ago we were not able to pick up the phone and call our neighbors without the operators assistance. Parents would have to send telegrams to there children at college to go to the central post office to receive their long-distance phone call. But today is much different. We have come a long way with our new technological advancements. We have gone far beyond just being able to direct dial any country in the world. Going a day without cellular phones, fax machines, computers, and satellites would pose a great challenge. Society has quickly moved into the information age. The information age is a time in which the internet has provided us with endless amounts of information. With the Internet, we have instant access to information, people and an array of services. The internet is almost becoming a necessity in our lives. The personal computer is a necessity in many peoples lives. The dependence on computers is growing and the question is, are we too dependent on our computers and the internet? Advantages of Computer Networks Following are some of the advantages of computer networks. * File Sharing: The major advantage of a computer network is that is allows file sharing and remote file access. A person sitting at one workstation of a network can easily see the files present on the other workstation, provided he is authorized to do so. It saves the time which is wasted in copying a file from one system to another, by using a storage device. In addition to that, many people can access or update the information stored in a database, making it up-to-date and accurate. * Resource Sharing: Resource sharing is also an important benefit of a computer network. For example, if there are four people in a family, each having their own computer, they will require four modems (for the Internet connection) and four printers, if they want to use the resources at the same time. A computer network, on the other hand, provides a cheaper alternative by the provision of resource sharing. In this way, all the four computers can be interconnected, using a network, and just one modem and printer can efficiently provide the services to all four members. The facility of shared folders can also be availed by family members. * Increased Storage Capacity: As there is more than one computer on a network which can easily share files, the issue of storage capacity gets resolved to a great extent. A standalone computer might fall short of storage memory, but when many computers are on a network, memory of different computers can be used in such case. One can also design a storage server on the network in order to have a huge storage capacity. * Increased Cost Efficiency: There are many softwares available in the market which are costly and take time for installation. Computer networks resolve this issue as the software can be stored or installed on a system or a server and can be used by the different workstations. Disadvantages of Computer Networks Following are some of the major disadvantages of computer networks. * Security Issues: One of the major drawbacks of computer networks is the security issues involved. If a computer is a standalone, physical access becomes necessary for any kind of data theft. However, if a computer is on a network, a computer hacker can get unauthorized access by using different tools. In case of big organizations, various network security softwares are used to prevent the theft of any confidential and classified data. * Rapid Spread of Computer Viruses: If any computer system in a network gets affected by computer virus, there is a possible threat of other systems getting affected too. Viruses get spread on a network easily because of the interconnectivity of workstations. Such spread can be dangerous if the computers have important database which can get corrupted by the virus. * Expensive Set Up: The initial set up cost of a computer network can be high depending on the number of computers to be connected. Costly devices like routers, switches, hubs, etc. , can add up to the bills of a person trying to install a computer network. He will also have to buy NICs (Network Interface Cards) for each of the workstations, in case they are not inbuilt. * Dependency on the Main File Server: In case the main File Server of a computer network breaks down, the system becomes useless. In case of big networks, the File Server should be a powerful computer, which often makes it expensive. A person should get well acquainted with the advantages and disadvantages of computer networks, before setting one up for his personal or office use. A knowledge of the pros and cons of computer networks can help him in designing a useful system for himself. By Swapnil Srivastava 1. - Is dependence on computers a good thing? - Every organisation today, let it be big or small is more or less dependent on computers. In other words, say it like this We have become techie! . I have often heard people using antediluvian(old-fashioned, out-of-date) for organisations/people not having the knowledge on computers operation. Computer is an efficient mean connecting you to the world, it is fast, and moreover you dont have to be necessarily at the work position to carry out your work. Its good that we are searching for efficient means for carrying out our work but still there is one question that peeps into mind Is dependence on computers a good thing? Dependence makes us impeach or incapable of doing things on our own thats why we need independence . In the similar manner totally depending on computer is not a good thing . We should use but not depend upon it . If we depend on them at some point of time we might end up at nothing but sitting idle as it is a machine and might breakdown so it very much advised that we must not depend on them altogether but make use of them. Dependence on anything at all is not a good idea if one sacrifices the ability to think for oneself. It is always advisable to use a range of strategies to manage ones life. Having said that, Im wondering what you mean by dependence. Its hard to imagine anyone not being able to live without computers. It is a fact that in todays world computers open up ones life to a broader and deeper range of information and knowledge than has previously been available to ordinary people. To not avail oneself of using a computer would be a shame. It is the technology of today: the increase ones independence. I love them and I would miss them if notavailable but it wouldnt be the end of the world This technology was developed to make things easier for us. However, too much dependence on computers is not a good thing for the following reasons: 1) because these things make our lives easier, being too dependent on them makes us not use our minds that often anymore; 2) because these are machines, there is a possibility of them bogging down and if they do, just think of how you would feel if you rely on them for almost everything and get this. dont you notice that when you are rushing some work on the computer, thats when it chooses to function slowly or even not to function well? t happened to me and my classmates in the wake of the cram sessions to finish our projects and theses in college, and many other times. Our theory is the computer catches our brainwaves so that when we panic, it acts like its also under a lot of stress; 3) how do you feel after working (or playing) in front of the computer for hours? drained right? because these things emit kind of waves (im not sure if they are called radioactive waves) which are not good for th e eyes and make us really tired you would think they zap us of our energy. Well yes, these thingamajigs make our lives a breeze. Thanks to the countless people who have contributed to the development of computers. And its hard to imagine life without them. But then, we should interact with people more than these machines. Forging relationships with real people will give you lasting happiness and contentment. Dont make a true friend or girl/boyfriend out of these machines. Computers are just to make things easier and faster. We are using the technology for a better life. I cant imagine a world without computers now. We are more than dependent on computer. It has become part and parcel of our lives. Whether it is bad or good, we cant stop depending on it. Dependency On Computer Since their invention, people far and wide have become increasingly dependent on computers. Computers have found their way into just about every aspect of our lives, and in most cases, they make things easier for us. They allow us to work from home, socialize with our friends and family who live too far away to visit, and they provide an ever-welcome stress relief when we come home from school or work and just want to have some fun. But as we increasingly rely on computers to get through the day, the question begs to be asked: have we become too dependent on computers? However, its still important to maintain a life outside of the cyber world; a life spent attached to a computer screen isnt a real life. When a computer becomes the central point of a persons life, they undergo a change in behaviour; they become lazy and develop anti-social tendencies, and, in some severe cases, simply cannot function without a computer. Its a common thing to see with children who have been allowed to spend too much time on the computer, watching TV, or playing video games: when it comes time to walk away, they throw temper tantrums. But its not just a matter of behavioural changes when a person cant tear themselves away from the screen long enough to take part in any other activity, it can take a toll on their comfort and health. They may experience weight gain, strained eyes, and headaches, among other unpleasant side-effects. However, it can also be argued that this is not the fault of the computer, but rather the fault of the person. Perhaps the most convincing argument, however, is the issue of safety. Aside from the issue of sharing personal information such as full names and addresses, there is also the bigger issue of stolen personal information. As our dependence on computers grows, so does our comfort level with them, and we are more likely to save personal information to our computer. While it would be nice to think that it is always perfectly safe to do so, the

Science free essay sample

Traditionally, symptoms of pain, swelling and inflammation were relieved by crudely placing ice cubes on the spot that hurts. Today modern medicine has given us Advil to alleviate common swelling and pain. Advil is the name brand manufacturing of Ibuprofen, a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug and analgesic. Advil is in the class with other drugs that is listed as an essential medicine by the World Health Organization which means that it is needed for basic health, is safe and cost effective (WHO, 2010). According to WHO, Advil is safe for children and pregnant women in heir second and third trimester of pregnancy. Advil works faster, and more accurately than traditional and herbal methods that have been used by doctors in the past. Ibuprofen was discovered by Drs. Stewart Adams, John Nicholson, Colin Burrows and their team of scientists at the Boots Company. The company worked on a drug to relive rheumatoid arthritis in the 1960s. We will write a custom essay sample on Science or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page They started working through the 1950s and by the early 1980s it was made available without prescription (rsc. rg, 2013). Advil Liquid-Gels was thought of by George Van Parys, Robert Dicanni and Banner Pharmacaps in California of 1994. Advil PM has become available in stores in 2006. Previously Pfizer Manufactured Advil in America but currently Advil is manufactured in China, to cut costs for the company and consumer. Today, Advil is made in various forms and is available online and in most drug stores (Advil. com, 2013). Advil as an analgesic is non-addictive compared to opiates such as Vicodin (hydrocodone) and is much safer. As a non- steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, Advil has significantly less side effects than anti-inflammatory Steroids because it does not eact with other medications and illnesses. There are numerous types of Advil that treat different illnesses. Advil PM is a medicine that helps people sleep at night as well as relieves pain. The Advil PM medicine contains 200 mg of ibuprofen, and 38 mg of diphenhydramine which is an ingredient that is used to help a person sleep. Another type of Advil is Advil Liquid-Gels. Advil Liquid-Gels are made up of Gelatin which is more easily swallowed and digested. Advil Liquid-Gels are unique because they are in a crystallized form. The benefit of Liquid Gels is that they contain solubilized ibuprofen, which absorbs faster into the body and relieves pain much quicker. Additionally, Advil manufactures specific allergy relief with Chlorpheniramine Maleate, an antihistamine and Phenylephrine HCI, a nasal decongestant. Though Advil is a safe and effective medicine, several side effects can occur when taking ibuprofen. If a person is allergic to pain relievers, the symptoms of Advil Liquid-Gels could include hives and swelling on the face. Taking more than the ecommended dose of 3200 mg of ibuprofen per day may have negative effects on the kidneys and the liver. Additionally chronic use of ibuprofen has been linked to risk of high blood pressure and heart attacks. Common side effects include nausea, diarrhea, constipation, dizziness and other ailments but Advil is not fatal. Sales of Advil were increasing tremendously in 1984. Although the sale was having a positive effect; Whitehall Labs realized that the original manufacturer Boots could not keep up with the demanding of more of the Product. Considering Boots could not keep up, Michael Dryden from Whitehall had to create a team and a special machine that would manutacture the product as soon as possible. The tirst prototype ot the machine was made in the late 80s and the first production appeared a year later in 1987. The first installation of this machine was made in 1988 in Hammonton, New Jersey which improved the production sale of Advil and increased the speed of making the drug. Since the Machine was such a Success, they produced 20 more in Guayama, Puerto Rico. Now because of the power and success of these machines, ach of the systems produce 540,000 tablets every 9 hours which are 1,080,000 tablets a day, which concludes to 32,400,000 tablets every month. A person may want to invest in Advil because it is one of the most successful medicines and they would be able to learn a good percentage of the money, which happens to be a massive number. Advil, better known as Ibuprofen, can be applied and taken in many different ways. A person may take it orally in pill form. Advil can also be applied in IVs, Topical (cream), and Rectal administration. The Difference between Advil liquid-Gels, Tablets, Caplets, and gel caps is that Advil Liquid-Gels contains Solubilized ibuprofen which absorbs faster into the body and relieves pain much quicker. Also Advil Liquid Gels are often softer and squishier than the Tables, which are rounder, causing it to be easier to swallow. Comparing to many other Drugs Advil is one of the safest medicines a person can take. Advil does not have any violent symptoms and could even be taken without a prescription. Advil is a excellent pain reliever and is on the list as the top and safest drug to consume.

Anglo Americans Reputation Essay Example

Anglo Americans Reputation Essay Example Anglo Americans Reputation Essay Anglo Americans Reputation Essay Anglo American: it is a public limited company that operates globally and one of the worlds biggest mining companies is Anglo American, situaded in United Kingdom. primary sector are the main concers of Anglo American and there by it operates in primary sectors such as mining and agriculture. Anglo American operations are done in the first stage of economy though out the world and carries extensive operation in africa whit seventy six percent of its employees in it . Anglo American set out an example of important role player in the world economy with about seventhousand employees in UnitedKingdom. ase metals , ferrous , platinum , coal and industrial materials are the five main raw material produced by Anglo American. question number 1: â€Å"what are business ethics? give two examples of business practices that satakeholders would regard ethical and two that might be considred unthethical†. answer: business ethics refers to the moral sector of individuals desicions(Ferrel and Fraeddrich,1994) business ethichs are honesty or to be more precised moral values that direct a way to business behaviour. the distinguish between honesty and dishonesty and making the right choice involves business to be ethical . Here is no single case of an unethical behaviour in a work place so supprisingly that there is no silver bullet preventing it. organizations take several steps to emphazie employee about ethical behaviour as it creates a culture which recongnize employees to do the right thing. two examples of ethical behaviour are i)when producing any demerit good organizations should plant trees or conduct some CSR works like British American Tobacco (BAT) did in the capital city of bangladesh(dailystar newspaper,2009). nd ii)business should be thankful to its employees working in an organization and treat them fairly. two examples of unethical behaviour oe work could be i) the selection process which can send clear message to the employees and if the selection process is not carried out fairly then stakeholders will reard it as an unethical work. and ii) and if organizations imitate the appearance of claimant’s goods example, Reckitt and Cloeman Vs Borden (1990) question number 2 â€Å"The benefits of ethical business behavior affect the business itself and the wider community. Taking an example of an Angolo American business projects, identify the benefits to the local community and to the company’s shareholders† answer:Anglo American ensures in protecting the human rights of its employees and the native people where Angla American operations are carried out . therefore the organization contributes in voluntary principle on security and human rights. these code on conduct are to ensure that the organiation handeled the security of exisiting employees working in unstable countries like nigeria and also making sure that there is no negative impact on local people. hus in guidance to both private and public security they assigned to protect the mining operation or oil and gas facility by investigation , monitoring and controlling. the company assist the principles of unversal declaration of human rights and the benifits gained by the local community and the company shareholders are that the operation is carried without accidents, as they are prot ecting their employees the employees can confidently work, it also decreases negative impact local people thereby the local people dosenot crate any problems , eventually eliminating occupational hafaserd and making the whole compnay efficient. hese benifit make the Anglo American to be in a strong position and enabling longterm investors ,such as pension funds that run investment for millions of ordinary people in the United Kingdom, believe that it is important for a company to consider social and ethical issues and the financial satement is not the main concern if a business want to be sustainable. question number 3 â€Å"How is Anglo American’s reputation enhanced by engaging with local communities in decision-making? Why is it important for this engagement to be an ongoing process? answer:the stake holder engagement process uesd by Anglo American allows the organization to be aware of thr perspective and priorities of external groups which involves them in decision making process and its is due to the activities of the organization. Anglo American has developed a process to assist its operations at the local level which is knowns as Socio Economic Assessment Toolbox(SEAT), these process or toolbox enable the organization for helping the employees at manager level to calculate the impact of acitvities on the company and communities. his process also enhanse mine contribution to develop and to connect with the legislative body and the stakeholders. disagreement and divisions in the communities can occur as sometimes communities have to be resettled due to goverment premition in order to be accesed for important mineral deposit. the be practice for international sets out aquantity of resolution stages in a methord which inclusds the necessitate for designed discussion, fair compensation ,the result of restoring and pleasing to the eye of people occupation in their new locations . wo relocations in the villages of Ga Pila and Mothotlo in southafrica was started by Anglo American with the aid of local goverment and tribal leadership. after consultating with native people for an era several years of agreement with each hoousehold wrer done in the two new relocations . new villlagers were now able to built improved houses and infrastructure offering more land for farming This engagement is to be a ongoing process as they did not want to face those problems which can arise from the communities and stakeholders. herefore anglo american follows these methords to reduce the effect of negative impact on their business operation. question number 4 â€Å"Some business decision involves a careful balance of social, economic and environmental. Evaluate how Anglo American achieves that balance, using examples from the case study. † answer: Anglo america did manage to achive the balance of social, economic and enviourmental . the in Anglo American’s word â€Å"Good Citienship’’ which is the codes of behaviour , it sets out thee caore values and standards of Anglo American. he Orgazztion had taken some initiatives like i)the extractive industries transparency initiative which is a global standard designed to ensure that companies publish what they pay for raw materials and goverments publish the revenues that they recieve. ii)the uni ted nations global compactis the means by which business worldwide can caomplement the objectives of the united nations through adherence to ten core principles covering human rights and etc. and iii) global reopting initaiative which a framework used by companies to produce susutainability reports about their activities. Anglo American has involvement to the voluntary principles on security and human rights , the purpose of this was to set out vales and practice to gaurantee that company’s focuses on the security of empolyees and operation in ustable countries like nigera . ethics and profit gose hand in hand and this statement is deabatable but look in to Anglo’s account clearly states that they take business ethics seriously. . Anglo uses a tool-box named SEAT (Socio-Economic Assessment Toolbox) which facilitates managers to calculate the impact of activities done on the society and the organization. Anglo American uses the stakeholder’s engagement which enables the organization to understand the perceptions and priorities of external groups who are effected by the organization activities and factor them into a decision-making processes. Anglo America has been a vaital contributor for AIDS education in south africa . and the company was the 1st major company to announce to provide free anti-retroviral drugs to HIV-positive employees . and now Anglo now operates the largest workplace for HIV/AIDS education, voluntary testing and treatment program in the world . fter running the program for five long years the studuies shown was that the program has sucessfully reduced deaths rates and the attendant loss of skills and cutting absence rates by improving the health of infected workers. Anglo America participated in project which was a gold and copper mining project . the name of the project is â€Å"the pebble project alaska† which is good example of non-financial costs and this project provided new recuitment in alaska. Anglo’s main objective is to offer strong returns to the stakeholders by not risking the expense of social, environmental and economic .

Regeneration of Brain Cells

Regeneration of Brain Cells For almost 100 years, it had been a mantra of biology that  brain cells or neurons  do not regenerate. It was thought that all your significant brain development happened from conception to age 3.  Contrary to that widely held popular belief, scientists now know that neurogenesis continuously occurs in specific regions in the adult brain. In a startling scientific discovery  made in the late 1990s, researchers at Princeton University found that new neurons were continually being added to the brains of adult monkeys. The finding was significant because monkeys and humans have similar brain structures. These findings and several others looking at cell regeneration in other parts of the brain opened up a whole new line of research about adult neurogenesis, the process of the birth of  neurons from neural stem cells in a mature brain.   Pivotal Research on Monkeys Princeton researchers first found  cell regeneration in the hippocampus  and the subventricular zone of the  lateral ventricles  in monkeys, which are important structures for memory formation and functions of the central nervous system.   This was significant but not quite as important as the 1999 finding of neurogenesis in the  cerebral cortex  section of the monkey brain. The cerebral cortex is the most complex part of the brain and scientists were startled to find neuron formation in this high-function brain area. The lobes of the cerebral cortex  are responsible for higher-level decision making and learning. Adult neurogenesis was discovered in three areas of the cerebral cortex: The prefrontal region, which controls decision-makingThe inferior temporal region, which plays a role in visual recognitionThe posterior parietal region, which plays a role in 3D representation Researchers believed that these results called for a fundamental reassessment of the development of the primate brain. Although the cerebral cortex research had been pivotal for advancing scientific research in this area, the finding remains controversial since it has not yet been proved to occur in the human brain. Human Research Since the Princeton primate studies, newer research has shown that human cell regeneration occurs in  the olfactory bulb, which is responsible for sensory information for the sense of  smell, and the dentate gyrus, a part of the hippocampus responsible for memory formation. Continued research on adult neurogenesis in humans has found that other areas of the brain may also generate new cells, particularly in the amygdala and the hypothalamus. The amygdala is the part of the brain governing emotions. The hypothalamus helps maintain the  autonomic nervous system and the hormone activity of the pituitary, which controls body temperature, thirst, and hunger and is  also involved in sleep and emotional activity. Researchers are optimistic that with further study scientists might one day unlock the key to this process of brain cell growth and use the knowledge to treat a variety of psychiatric disorders and brain diseases, like Parkinsons and Alzheimers. Sources Fowler, C D, et al. â€Å"Estrogen and adult neurogenesis in the amygdala and hypothalamus. Brain research reviews., U.S. National Library of Medicine, Mar. 2008.Lledo, P M, et al. â€Å"Adult neurogenesis and functional plasticity in neuronal circuits. Nature reviews. Neuroscience., U.S. National Library of Medicine, Mar. 2006.â€Å"Princeton - News - Scientists Discover Addition of New Brain Cells in Highest Brain Area.†Ã‚  Princeton University, The Trustees of Princeton University.Vessal, Mani, and Corinna Darian-Smith. â€Å"Adult Neurogenesis Occurs in Primate Sensorimotor Cortex following Cervical Dorsal Rhizotomy. Journal of Neuroscience, Society for Neuroscience, 23 June 2010.

Leadership Vision Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Leadership Vision - Essay Example m and hard work for Stanford R Ovshinsky in accomplishing his vision of making big sheets of thin photovoltaic material that can help to derive electricity from sunlight at a cheaper cost and an alternative for fossil fuels. When Ovshinsky unveiled his vision before 40 years, nobody believed his vision at the initial stage. A vision can be more than a dream which is a motivated view of the future that everyone associated can believe in , which may offer better improvement what that may exist then and one that can realistically be accomplished. Strong, inspiring visions have been culminated with improved performance of the organisation. (Daft & Lane, 2007, p.391). Thus, this essay will look into detail about how leaders direct their insight and wisdom to lead others. The leadership vision is the founding stone of the leader’s view of leadership and sets out the long-run goals of a leader. The vision for leadership surpasses beyond simple perceptive and expectations about the function and role of the leader. It details and captures the preferred future that one visualizes for himself and his team, community or organization. An organization mission is totally diverging from a leader’s vision. Thus, the leadership vision can be described as an expression of what one want to do, establish or create when he assumes in a leader role. Vision details the leader’s philosophy pertaining to leadership and his reason in preferring to be a leader, and it acts as a significant guidepost for the key demeanors that being enacted as a leader. (King et al, 2011, p.50) As per John Gardner, the vision is the essential need of leadership. James Kouzes and Barry Posner view that leaders encourage a shared vision. Warren Bennis is of the view that leaders should have the capability of establishing a persuasive vision, to manage the dream. As per Ken Blanchard, two aspects of the leadership role are having a vision and applying the same in real terms. Margaret Sanger and Martin

Carl Ernsts, Mona Siddiquis and Quran book review Essay - 1

Carl Ernsts, Mona Siddiquis and Quran book review - Essay Example ority of the Muslims, for example, the Taliban of Afghanistan and Pakistan believe that it is mandatory to fight in the name of God and kill the disbelievers. In doing so, they believe they would enter the heaven once they perish from the world. This essay will investigate the ways some of the non-Muslims and Muslims misunderstand the Quran and act upon the Holy verses. The aim of the essay is to understand the meaning of the word ‘Jihad’ and to see how Islam has been defamed in the name of the ‘Holy War.’ There are two main reasons that Islam is considered a religion that promotes terrorism. Firstly, when non-Muslims read the verses of Quran they completely ignore the fact that Quran was not only a book of guidance for people living in the past or to the people it was revealed but it is a book belonging to the people who lived in the past, are living in the present and also for the future generation to come. Secondly, some people follow the Quran word by word in a very literal sense. The Quran uses metaphors, and though it is the word of God, not every word is to be taken literally. The word Jihad is babbling not only for the non-Muslims but also for some Muslims who use and follow it in the wrong sense. The Holy Quran says â€Å"Not equal are those believers who stay behind in their homes while the believers exert in the cause of God with their wealth and life. God has kept a higher rank for those who exert in the name of God† (Quran 4:95). The believers of the book hugely misunderstand this verse. There is a misconception between some groups of people what exertion refers to. Though it is believed that it refers to Jihad, the meaning of Jihad tends to vary greatly among believers. Some of the better-known scholars of Islam like Abdullah Yousuf and Muhammad Asaddefine Jihad as a struggle or fight made to achieve justice. Jihad is a struggle made against oppression even if it means to risk one’s life. While there is some extremist groups that define

Describe and evaluate two treatments of unipolar depression Essay Example for Free

Describe and evaluate two treatments of unipolar depression Essay Describe and evaluate two treatments for unipolar depression (25 marks). It has been believed that psychological disorders, like physical illnesses, have organic causes. Therefore, mental disorders are treated just like physical ones. Earlier treatments have included things like trepanning which was carried out in the stone again. Nowadays we have much safer and effective treatments such as therapies and drug treatment. Low levels of both noradrenaline (nora) and serotonin (sero) have been found as being important in unipolar depression (UD) and so it seems logical to treat depression with drugs which increase the availability of these neurotransmitters. Tricyclic, a type of anti-depressant, appears to work by blocking the reuptake of nora and sero. They block the transport route that would normally allow these neurotransmitters to be taken back into the pre-synaptic neurones. This means that nora and sero remain in the synapse longer which leads to an increase in the synaptic activity in the neurones. This helps the transmission of impulses to neurones which use up nora and sero. Another type of drug treatment is the use of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs). SSRIs work in a similar way to tricyclics but affect only the levels of serotonin in the synapses. In order to make efficient use of the body’s resources there is a system whereby serotonin isn’t wasted in the synapse but ‘taken back’ by the pre-synaptic neuron. If this mechanism is impaired by using inhibitor drugs then the sero which isn’t received by the post-synaptic neuron remains in the synapse. This extends the duration of the message being transmitted and/or increases the message intensity. Both SSRIs and tricyclics reduce the symptoms of depression and improves mood. However, these drug treatments don’t always work. The success rate for them is around 60% but it varies from person to person, as do the side effects. There is, however, many different types of drug and each may have a  different success rate. It must be remembered that the ‘success’ of drug treatments for one person may be seen as something completely different to another. Kirsch et al collected data for the licensing of four new-generation anti-depressants. These were all SSRIs. A meta-analysis was carried out comparing the improvements seen in patients taking SSRIs with the improvements in control patients who had received placebos. They found that there was ‘no difference at moderate levels of initial depression’ between the improvements of those receiving SSRIs and those receiving placebos. This shows that the placebo appeared to benefit moderately depressed individuals. This could be due to the sufferers being presented with hope of reducing their symptoms. This contrasts with the results found of severely depressed groups who experienced lessened symptoms, which discredits the placebo effect. It could be argued that the drug itself may have a ‘placebo effect’ where a person feels that they are getting better because they are taking a pill, no matter what the pill is. It could be that the person is helping themselves and the drug is simply supplying the idea that they’re getting better when it does nothing to them. Geller et al found that double blind studies showed anti-depressants to be more effective than placebos for children and adolescents. This could be because there are differences in development between children’s and adult’s brains concerning their neurochemistry. Therefore, children and teenagers may not need to use chemistry altering drugs and could just take a placebo instead as they seen to work better than anti-depressants. Furthermore, Ferguson et al found that those treated with SSRIs were twice more likely to attempted suicide than those treated with a placebo. However, a later review found that a higher risk of suicide was amongst adolescents and decreased amongst adults. This supports Geller’s theory that SSRIs are more effective on adults than adolescents, reinforcing Geller’s view. Drugs have been found to be appropriate and effective at preventing relapse and giving the sufferer a good quality of life meaning they can integrate  back into society and return to everyday tasks. Alternatively, research such as Kirsch, Geller and Ferguson is based on correlational studies. This makes it difficult to say whether UD is caused by low levels of neurotransmitters or if it’s visa-versa. Cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) is a therapy which treats depression by combining both cognitive and behavioural techniques. The aim of this is to help people who have mental disorders to cope better with their lives and coincidentally feel better. Ellis suggests that depression is due to irrational beliefs but is also maintained by reinforcement. Rational Emotive Behavioural therapy (REBT) aims to replace self-defeating beliefs with adaptive beliefs and uses the ABC model. An example of this is a student getting a good grade for their essay. This is the ‘activating’ of an event. How the person interprets an event or situation is where the ‘belief system’ comes in. The emotional response is then observed which is the ‘consequence’ of the action is. The aim of REBT is to develop a ‘D’ aspect adding a ‘dispute system’ to replace B, adding an adaptive belief, so the person realises they do not have to be perfect. The therapist will ‘test’ patient’s beliefs with actions which challenge their faulty thinking. Often they can be blunt with clients and not show sympathy in order to avoid reinforcing the problem. Cognitive therapy (CT) by Beck involves the use of ‘thought catching’ and ‘behavioural activation’. Thought catching involves the observation of client’s thinking and see how their thoughts influence their feelings. This brings around the realisation that even though their thoughts can seem factual, they are often not. Behavioural activation is where the client is encourage to find activities they might enjoy and put themselves in a position where they may have to deal with ‘cognitive obstacles’ so they can see that they are getting better whilst being active. Butler et al looked at a meta-analyse of the effectiveness of CBT in the treatment of a variety of conditions and found it was ‘somewhat superior to anti-depressants in the treatment of adult depression’. This shows that CBT  is highly effective for treating UD as supporting evidence was found across an entire range of data, making the results more reliable due to the large amount of information covered. However, Holmes reported that in ‘the single largest study’ of treatments for depression, CBT appeared to be less effective than other psychotherapies and drug treatments. It was also pointed out that evidence for the effectiveness of CBT comes from studies of patients who have depression but no other symptoms. This suggests that CBT may be less effective for people who have multiple diagnoses or are considered to have comorbidity. It may be that CBT’s nature is to only focus on one mental illness due to how quick it is compared to other treatments for mental health disorders and therefore isn’t able to relieve all. In conclusion, the diathesis-stress model would suggest that someone is born with a predisposition for UD but something from their environment must trigger it in order for them to suffer from it. Therefore it makes sense that a physiological treatment such as drug therapy should be used alongside a psychological therapy such as REBT in order to ensure that the treatment does in fact work as Holmes’, Geller’s and Ferguson’s research has shown it may not.

What is the main contribution made by the chorus in The Burial at Thebe

Heaney’s play The Burial at Thebes is a version of the Greek tragedy Antigone by the Athenian dramatist Sophocles (c496-406 BCE). According to Heaney it is not a translation but a version as he was â€Å"looking for meaning not language† (Heaney, 2009, CDA5937, The Burial at Thebes - Interviews). This is in keeping with the commissioning of the play to celebrate 100 years of the Abbey theatre in 2004 as the founders, W.B Yeats and Lady Gregory, were Irish â€Å"cultural nationalists† (Hardwick, 2008, p193) . The change in title from the traditional Antigone to The Burial at Thebes moves the emphasis away from the characters to the â€Å"controversial question of the burial of a prince, who was regarded as a turncoat† (Theocharis, 2009, CDA5937, The Burial at Thebes - Interviews) enabling Heaney to intertwine the tradition Greek ideology with Irish nationalism. The chorus in Greek tragedy is defined as a group of people who often participate in and comment on the dramatic action, emphasising traditional moral and social attitudes and providing commentary (Moohan, 2008). In Greek theatre they also provided a more practical role, entertaining the audience during the play with songs and dance and allowing the performers to change. Most performers performed two or more roles known as doubling. In The Burial at Thebes the director, John Theocharis (2009), states that the chorus also adds dramatic tension and suspense whilst creating subjective and objective voices that underpin the context of the play. In looking at the contribution that the chorus makes this essay will look at the various functions of the chorus - their role as a commentator, participating in and commenting on the dramatic action and how they present traditional moral and soci... ...ture of the play, mainly based on the Greek, outlines these values in poetical format in the Choral Odes. The chorus’ commentary on the characters and drama and its subsequent participation pushes the plot towards traditional ideas with the encapsulation in their ending summation. Works Cited Hardwick, L. (2008), ‘Seamus Heaney’s The Burial at Thebes’, in Brown, R (ed.), Cultural Encounters (AA100 Book3), Milton Keynes, The Open University, pp.192-235 Heaney, S. (2004), The Burial at Thebes, London, Faber and Faber Ltd Heaney, S. (2009), CDA5937 The Burial at Thebes – Interviews (AA100 Audio CD), Milton Keynes, The Open University Moohan, E (2008), ‘Glossary’, in Moohan E (ed.), Reputations (AA100 Book1), The Open University, pp.231-238 Theocharis, J (2009), CDA5937 The Burial at Thebes – Interviews (AA100 Audio CD), Milton Keynes, The Open University

An Analysis of Hotel Rwanda and Schindler’s List

Paul Reasonable and Oscar Schneider are both men of style who help their own Individual countries through many different ways. Paul and Oscar show different ways of helping out the people In their own countries by using their exclusive styles. In â€Å"Hotel Rwanda† Paul Reasonable Is a hotel manger In Rwanda during the Rwanda genocide. The genocide Is going on because the Huts believe that the Tutsis killed their president and that Is why the Huts are attacking on the Tutsis,Paul Is a Hut, but his wife Titian and his children and other close friends are all Tutsis and It Is his mission to save them all. In the movie when Paul was getting ready to go work the Hut rebels come to see If there are any Tutsis left In Pall's house, Paul hides all of his family and all of his friends in one room of the house and Paul goes outside to deal with the Hut rebels. Paul then takes everyone to the hotel and bribes the rebels to let all of his family and friends to stay alive. Paul through o ut the movie does many things to help out the Tutsis and help them out for anything that hey all need.Pall's style still remains the same through out the whole movie. Oscar Schneider is a business man with excessive style. He bribes many people. Schneider is currently living in Poland during the Holocaust. Schneider decides to open a pots and pans shop where the Jews can work in. In the movie Schneider is very kind to the Jews and feels sympathetic. A scene which shows some Jews sitting in a very hot train getting sent off to a concentration camp. Schneider realizes that all of them feel very thirsty and decides to quench their thirst by spraying water at the Jews.When the pots ND pans factory shuts down Schneider decides to open an ammunition factory. All of the men arrive but than Schneider realizes that all of the ladies train is going to Auschwitz. Schneider goes to Auschwitz to bring the women back. Schneider in the end of the movie is thanked by all of the Jews by helping them out through a very hard time and by giving them a Job and many other things. Both Paul and Schneider are very amazing men who helped out their people through many things. Paul as you have learned saved all of the Tutsis by giving them shelter and food by letting all of them stay In his hotel.Schneider In the beginning was a briber and a womanlier later turned In to a good person who helped out the Jews by giving them a Job and also helping them all out. An Analysis of Hotel Rwanda and Chandler's List By anachronism In both â€Å"Hotel Rwanda† and â€Å"Chandler's List†. Paul Resignation and Oscar Schneider are both men of style who help their own individual countries through many different ways. Paul and Oscar show different ways of helping out the people in their own countries by using their excessive styles. In â€Å"Hotel Rwanda† Paul Resignation is a hotel manger in Rwanda during theRwanda genocide. The genocide is going on because the Huts believe that the Tutsis killed their president and that is why the Huts are attacking on the Tutsis. Paul is a Hut, but his wife Titian and his children and other close friends are all Tutsis and it is his mission to save them all. In the movie when Paul was getting ready to go work the Hut rebels come to see if there are any Tutsis left in Pall's house, shelter and food by letting all of them stay in his hotel. Schneider in the beginning was a briber and a womanlier later turned in to a good person who helped out the

Formative assessment Essay

â€Å"We use the general term assessment to refer to all those activities undertaken by teachers — and by their students in assessing themselves — that provide information to be used as feedback to modify teaching and learning activities. Such assessment becomes formative assessment when the evidence is actually used to adapt the teaching to meet student needs†. Black, P. & Wiliam, D. The purpose of the educational process focus on students’ learning, and when students use what has been taught in real life situations, then it can be said that the students are learning and that the objective is being achieved. But, can a test determine this in a classroom? Can I state that my students are learning based on a multiple choice test at the end of a unit? The answers of these questions may vary according to the type of teaching method a person uses. If this person uses a traditional teaching method that only seeks learners’ knowledge accumulation, then he or she could say â€Å"yes†. However, as times have changed and the ways in which people conceive the educational process have changed too, I consider that it is necessary to restate the way in which students are assessed and focus more on students’ performance in order to promote learning and involve them in their own learning process through the use of formative assessment rather than traditional or summative assessment whose aim lies on testing knowledge. Therefore, if a student takes a test and when he receives his score in terms of numbers or letters and he sees a bad grade, it can give him a negative emotional impact that could discourage him from continuing learning, and the next time he takes a test he will do it just for the sake of getting a good score. So, How about learning? Did it happen? In this situation my answer is an absolutely no! For the reasons above, it is important to apply a different assessment with a formative function that according to Nicol and Macfarlane-Dick (2005) aids learning by generating feedback information that is of benefit to students and to teachers. Feedback on performance, in class or on assignments, facilitates students to restructure their understanding/skills and build more powerful ideas and capabilities. This kind of assessment is called Formative assessment. With this form of assessment, teachers concentrate more on the how students learn and what they need to learn. Therefore, in this sort of assessment it is not only fill in the gaps with the correct words or match the sentences with the correct answer and you will get 5 points or an excellent grade, but let’s do this project, let’s carry out this task, how will you solve this problem? What do you think about this? And some other activities in which students can learn by doing. But most important of all, is that students receive a positive feedback about what to improve and change, to have a better performance in the upcoming assignments. As Shepard, (2008) states, what makes formative assessment formative is that it is immediately used to make adjustments so as to form new learning† Through the use of formative assessment students understand their own learning and develop appropriate strategies for learning to learn, also they build skills for peer – and self-assessment, and they get actively involved in their own learning process rather than merely absorbing information as in a traditional or summative assessment. Taking everything into consideration, it is my opinion that teachers focus more on students’ performance through the use formative assessment, so learners can develop the patterns of thoughts they need to achieve and be aware of their learning goals, and as students move forward in their learning, they can use personal knowledge to construct meaning, have skills of self-monitoring to realize that they don’t understand something, and have ways of deciding what to do next. Earl, Lorna. (2003). REFERENCES Black, P. & Wiliam, D. (1998). Inside the Black Box: Raising standards through classroom assessment, King’s College, London. Earl, Lorna. (2003). Assessment As Learning: Using classroom assessment to maximize student learning. Experts in assessment series, Corwin Press Inc. , Thousand Oaks, California. Nicol, David; Macfarlane-Dick, Debra (2005). Rethinking Formative Assessment in HE: a theoretical model and seven principles of good feedback practice. Quality Assurance Agency for Higher Education. Shepard, Lorrie A. 2005. The Future of Assessment: Shaping Teaching and Learning, New York.

mechanical energy essays

mechanical energy essays MECHANICAL ENERGY Have you ever wondered how a jet aircraft lifts its tremendous weight off the ground, or what gives a runner the stamina to reach the finish line in a race? In order to answer all these questions we must talk about the transformation of one sort of energy into another. The jet aircraft gets its power from jet turbines. These powerful jet engines create a high-pressure stream of very hot gases that push the aircraft forward as they leave the engine. This is an example of heat being transformed into movement. This is sometimes described as Mechanical Energy. However, this transformation could not take place without the fuel that the aircraft gets within its wings or fuselage. Fuel is considered a chemical energy. This diagram shows how the jet engine acts as energy to lift the aircraft off the surface of earth. Fuel can take the form of gases, solids or liquids. When fuels combine with oxygen from the air, they release their stored en ergy as heat. We recognize this process as burning. The individual relies on food for fuel which contains energy-giving substances that our bodies can store until we need this energy to use our muscles. When we do use our muscles within us, we may not always be sure that heat is given off. Our bodies do not burst into flames but the perspiration on our skin is a clue to what is happening. The movement of the windsurfer has a different explanation. The windsurfer is propelled along by a sail which collects mechanical energy from the winds that sweep along the water. This energy has been produced by the sun which warms the earth's surface and sets the air above in motion. The sun's heat comes to the earth as a form of radiant energy. When the heat reaches the surface of the earth, it causes the land or seas to rise in temperature. The sun is very hot. Infact, the center of the sun can reach temperatures of up to 27 million degrees Fahrenheit. ...

Process Analysis Case Study

Process Analysis Case Study Process Analysis Case Study Process Analysis Case Study: Let Us Cope with It In order to start writing your process analysis case study, it is essential to get acquainted with the notion of case study first. Thus, if you do not know what case study is, you are welcome to read its definition and a brief explanation of the notion of case study below. Case study is a method of research widely used in social science. The main aim if this very case study is to define the main principles of the notion. This method is considered to be the most effective one in collecting information at some definite subject and analyzing this very subject. After you have understood what case study is, it is a high time to pass to the process analysis case study itself. Process Analysis Case Study Writing Can Be Interesting Process analysis case study is a rather interesting assignment to accomplish, as it helps you not only to get acquainted with the process of something in all the details, but also to perceive the underlying pr inciples of it. You see it is not simple at all to cope with process analysis case study if you are trying to do it on your own. However, if to get some useful help at the matter of process analysis case study writing, it is possible to manage coping with process analysis case study. At this point, the question arises: where to find this very process analysis case study help. Well, if you are reading this article it means that you have almost found what you have been looking for. Our custom essay writing is here to help you with your process analysis case study writing. If you visit our site, you will find all the necessary information to complete your process analysis case study assignment successfully. Process analysis case study topics, process analysis case study theses, process analysis case study ideas, and process analysis case study samples are waiting for you in order to help you with your work. All this information is offered to you free of charge as we really take care a bout our customers and want to help them a great deal. Rely On Professionalism Of Our Writers! If you either do not have time or just do not have a desire to write your process analysis case study on your own, you can appeal to our professional writers and order your process analysis case study. The piece of academic writing you are going to receive will be of the premium quality in spite of being offered to you for the moderate price.

Global communication Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Global communication - Essay Example As a result of this, Bellsouth Corporation had to cut its operating costs and on capital spending. Since IT and back office services constitute about 20% of the company's operating costs, outsourcing the same to countries where services are cheap was an ideal way of cutting costs for Bellsouth. Bellsouth tied up with Accenture in 1998 as its IT outsourcing strategy partner to help it achieve improved service levels, on budget performance and on time delivery. To cutthe rising costs of ongoing maintenance and enhancement of IT applications and to maximise profits in order to utilize the same for future capital expenditure, Bellsouth began strategically evaluating its offshoring capabilities to further reduce IT costs and Project Horizon was born. Project Horizon's business objectives include offshoring resources to reduce maintenance and development costs of IT applications while maintaing the same workload and service levels and taking advantage of the differential cost savings. Results of application - The cost-savings initiative will enable Bellsouth to reduce IT expenses and save 45 - 70 % in outsourcing costs, which translates into an estimated savings of $ 275 million over five years

Planting and maintaining trees in tough sites Term Paper

Planting and maintaining trees in tough sites - Term Paper Example One of the main researches that were made by this field was the identification and recognition of the characteristics of land that make it tough for trees plantation. A number of characteristics have been identified that make a land a ‘tough site’. CHARACTERISTICS OF TOUGH SITES: 1. POORLY DRAINED SOIL: The drainage of the soil is the main category to consider the toughness of a site for plantation purposes. A site is said to contain well-drained soil if it is capable of draining column of water of 24-inch in 24 hours or less. A test for this purpose is conducted through digging a 24-inch deep hole in the land and filling it with water. It is then examined whether the water is drained in 24 hours or not. If the water is not fully drained even after 24 hours, the soil is deemed to be poorly drained. 2. DROUGHTY SOILS: The soil is said to be droughty soil if the drainage rate is very high and a 24-inch water column is drained in very few minutes. The content of organic mat ter is also very less in droughty soils, sometimes lesser than 1%. This can be calculated by a laboratory test. 3. ALKALINE SOIL: The alkalinity of soil is also considered to determine the toughness of a site. A soil with higher value of PH (PH>7.0) is considered to be alkaline. It is important to note here that most of the trees grow better in acidic soil with PH

UK MEDICAL LAW Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

UK MEDICAL LAW - Essay Example the fact that medical professionals are deemed ready, willing and able to provide medical treatment and advice and by implication are bound to have the necessary skill and knowledge of a reasonable medical professional.3 A registered medical professional offering his or her service is held to this standard.4 In addition, Lord Brown Wilkinson held in Wilsher v Essex Area Health Authority 1987] Q.B 730, CA [1998] AC 1074 that health authorities owe a duty of care to patients in their care.5 The question then turns on whether or not there was a breach of the standard and duty of care assigned to the medical profession on the part of Doctor Greene and/or Wilington hospital.. In determining whether or not there was a breach of the duty and standard of care, the Bolam test is applied. In Bolam v Friem Hospital Management Committee [1957] 1 WLR 582 the court devised a two-tier test to determine whether or not the medical professional or institution breached the applicable standard and duty of care.6 The first leg of the test inquires into whether or not the defendant professional acted in a manner that corresponds with the reasonable skilled person or vocation of the profession at issue.7 The second leg of the test inquires into whether or not the treatment or advice administered was consisted with a body of opinion in the profession.8 In ascertaining whether or not Doctor Greene, acting on behalf of and on the authority of the hospital complied with the Bolam standard of care, the court will look to the circumstances in which the treatment was administered and the attending physician’s post or position.9 On the facts of the case for discussion there is no specific evidence of Dr. Green’s position or post within the hospital, except that he is from the casualty department. The question then turns on whether or not a doctor in the emergency room who specializes in the treatment of children would have taken the action that Dr. Green took. Dr. Green

Apple Code Of Ethics Supplier Responsibility Commerce Essay

Apple Code Of Ethics Supplier Responsibility Commerce Essay Organizations are composed of physical resources and human resources. There is always an interaction between the two and these interactions are done to meet the objectives of the organization. There are always set policies and procedures to come up with the desired results. These policies and procedures are products of the management of the organization in as much as they are the ones in-charge of how the company would be run. The main objective of the organization is to maximize profit because with profit maximization, surely there will be benefits that will redound to its human force and the community it serves. There are always activities and tasks that need manipulation of resources to the best advantage of the organization. It is however, mandated by laws and regulations and also of ethics and morality that the activities and moves of the human force be in consonance with the norms of society. Thus, it is understood that in an organization, there is in most cases a set of conduc ts and behavior which is normally called Code of Ethics. Apple Computer is not an exception. As it thrives in its business in the field of technology, the company and all its workforce is expected to be in compliance with its code of ethics. As it goes through its expansion and success in its chosen field, Apple has required its suppliers to commit with heart and soul to the Supplier Code of Conduct to ensure that they conform to what are expected of them. The Apple Supplier Code of Conduct discussed here is taken from the website of Apple.com and is intended to all those companies that supply materials and good which later become part of the products sold and manufactured by Apple. INFORMATION ON THE COMPANY More probably in the field of technology, there is no person who doesnà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢t know the founder of Apple. Steve Jobs and his friend Steve Wozniak were the founders of Apple and this company was incorporated in the state of California in the year 1977. Just like any other companies, Apple is its mission. A mission statement is the guiding principle of a business. It explains why the business exists, what it does and how it do business (Holston, 2011). Apple has the mission of bringing the best computing experience to the world. Its intended users are the students, educators, professionals, business men and all those people who are technology-enthusiasts. This explains why apple exists. What it does is to create changes in the world through modern technology like computers, iPad, systems and structures like the software and hardware it produces. Today, Apple does not only cater their products to their intended users when they first had it invented, it has expanded its usage to almost everybody from all walks of life regardless of social and economic status. ETHICAL SYSTEM USED Apple as mentioned in the earlier paragraph requires its suppliers to comply with its code of conducts or code of ethics. Its code embodies the ideals and principles by which the company goes. The code is inclusive of the standard norms of conduct which cover labor standards, health and safety, environmental responsibility, ethics and management commitment. Adherence to labor laws and regulations is mandated by Apple to its suppliers in a way that Apple, Inc. itself does business. It does not want to do business with companies that are not in compliance with laws. Discrimination of employees based on origin, races, culture, ages and other demographic characteristics as well as religion is not allowed. This form of discrimination and employment policy does not have a place in the company of Apple. Fair treatment of employees especially in terms of fringe benefits and working condition are some of those principles embedded in the code. Employees should be in a workplace free from physi cal harm and should always be under safe working conditions. Also part of the code is the freedom of association. Of course, it is understood here that the association should be a healthy one and not for the purpose of creating lawlessness and instability in the workplace. Environmental responsibility is one of the primary responsibilities that Apple requires its suppliers to have. This means corporate responsibility and by this, the companyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s suppliers must commit to improve environmental condition. The world is not getting any bigger and cleaner primarily because of the scarcity of resources that people canà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢t help but take advantage of them for their sustenance. The suppliers must give back to the community it serves. This can be done by being environment-friendly. Being green and paperless is one way of giving back to the community. Ethics is always conceived to be an integral part of an organization and companies. This code of ethics have been f ound to be useful in the conduct and behavior of managers and employees especially in avoiding harm to customers and others (Goodwin, 2002). Apple adheres to behavior that are considered by majority to be correct and ethical. For this reason, its suppliers must be ethical also in the conduct of its business. To come up with what are in the Supplier Code of Conduct, the use of management system is a good tool. The management system of implementing the code is with Apple, Inc. itself monitoring compliance of its suppliers with the requisites of the code. It would sometimes designate an outside company to visit the site of the suppliers for monitoring purposes. Inspection and audit of documents and papers like payroll, timecards, workersà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ records and practices are considered to see, verify and confirm compliance. A supplier found not in compliance is further investigated and later discharged as a supplier if investigation turns out unfavorable. In this case, the suppliers are warned of the consequence of not following the dictates of the code. Apple has been following the ethical system of ends-driven. The existence of Apple is based on its mission to provide an experience in computers to its users, an experience that they have never had before. This is the purpose or the goal of the founders which has been extended to its employees and management. To achieve this goal, the company has to offer products that are best in quality and usage. Quality products are produced and manufactured by happy and satisfied employees and these employees thrive in a company where their interests are preserved and protected. USAGE OF THE CODE OF CONDUCT The Supplier Code of Conduct is useful not only to the employees but to all the members in the organization. The rights and interests of the employees are to be protected because they not only comprise the main bulk of the human force but they are the ones who turn the raw materials into finished products for delivery to Apple. They should receive fringe and benefits commensurate to their skills and qualifications. The managers on the other hand are also benefitting from the code because the care and protection they give the employees radiate to them in terms of quality work and commitment. To the board of directors, the code is the guide on how it will strategize policies and procedures to make the company an enticing place to work. SUMMARY The Supplier Code of Conduct for the suppliers of Apple is an example of how a business should do business with others. A company does not need only resources, physical and human. There is a need for rules, standards and norms on how business should be conducted. Apple is one among those businesses that is not afraid to enforce some requirements to its suppliers. If only other companies would follow Apple, there could be certainty that all the supplies delivered by companies to other companies for their use will be of quality. This is because excellent products are manufactured by excellent people. Excellent people exist in excellent companies whose codes of conduct are followed. There is no doubt, this is one of the factors that spell success of Apple, Inc., the company that has provided mankind a legacy of technology beyond compare.

Shakespeares Hamlet - Regarding Gertrude Essay -- Essays on Shakespear

Regarding Hamlet’s Gertrude  Ã‚        Ã‚  Ã‚   In William Shakespeare’s most famous tragedy Hamlet, the audience meets a queen who is a former and present queen. She was unhappy before – how does she feel now? Is she evil, guilty, motherly, lascivious? The multiple aspects of her personality deserve our attention.    Angela Pitt in â€Å"Women in Shakespeare’s Tragedies† comments that Shakespeare’s Gertrude in Hamlet is, first and foremost, a mother:    Gertrude evinces no such need to justify her actions and thereby does not betray any sense of guilt. She is concerned with her present good fortune, and neither lingers over the death of her first husband nor analyses her motives in taking another. . . .She seems a kindly, slow-witted, rather self-indulgent woman, in no way the emotional or intellectual equal of her son. . . . Certainly she is fond of Hamlet. Not only is she prepared to listen to him when he storms at her, proof that he is sufficiently close to her to have a right to make comments on   her personal life, but she is unfailingly concerned about him. (46-47)    Gunnar Bokland in â€Å"Hamlet† describes Gertrude’s moral descent during the course of Shakespeare’s Hamlet:    With Queen Gertrude and finally also Laertes deeply involved in a situation of increasing ugliness, it becomes clear that, although Claudius and those who associate with him are not the incarnations of evil that Hamlet sees in them, they are corrupt enough from any balanced point of view, a condition that is also intimated by the â€Å"heavy-headed revel† that distinguishes life at the Danish court. (123)    Gertrude’s â€Å"contamination† does indeed affect the hero. Courtney Lehmann and Lisa S. Starks in "Making Mother Matter: Repression... ...    Lehmann, Courtney and Lisa S. Starks. "Making Mother Matter: Repression, Revision, and the Stakes of 'Reading Psychoanalysis Into' Kenneth Branagh's Hamlet." Early Modern Literary Studies 6.1 (May, 2000): 2.1-24 <URL: http://purl.oclc.org/emls/06-1/lehmhaml.htm>.    Pitt, Angela. â€Å"Women in Shakespeare’s Tragedies.† Readings on The Tragedies. Ed. Clarice Swisher. San Diego: Greenhaven Press, 1996. Reprint of Shakespeare’s Women. N.p.: n.p., 1981.    Shakespeare, William. The Tragedy of Hamlet, Prince of Denmark. Massachusetts Institute of Technology. 1995. http://www.chemicool.com/Shakespeare/hamlet/full.html No line nos.    Smith, Rebecca. â€Å"Gertrude: Scheming Adulteress or Loving Mother?† Readings on Hamlet. Ed. Don Nardo. San Diego: Greenhaven Press, 1999. Rpt. of â€Å"Hamlet†: A User’s Guide. New York: Limelight Editions, 1996.   

Industrial Relations Essay

Industrial relations has three faces: science building, problem solving, and ethical. [9] In the science building phase, industrial relations is part of the social sciences, and it seeks to understand the employment relationship and its institutions through high-quality, rigorous research. In this vein, industrial relations scholarship intersects with scholarship in labor economics, industrial sociology, labor and social history, human resource management, political science, law, and other areas. Industrial relations scholarship assumes that labor markets are not perfectly competitive and thus, in contrast to mainstream economic theory, employers typically have greater bargaining power than employees. Industrial relations scholarship also assumes that there are at least some inherent conflicts of interest between employers and employees (for example, higher wages versus higher profits) and thus, in contrast to scholarship in human resource management and organizational behavior, conflict is seen as a natural part of the employment relationship. Industrial relations scholars therefore frequently study the diverse institutional arrangements that characterize and shape the employment relationship—from norms and power structures on the shop floor, to employee voice mechanisms in the workplace, to collective bargaining arrangements at company, regional, or national level, to various levels of public policy and labor law regimes, to â€Å"varieties of capitalism† (such as corporatism, social democracy, and neoliberalism). When labor markets are seen as imperfect, and when the employment relationship includes conflicts of interest, then one cannot rely on markets or managers to always serve workers’ interests, and in extreme cases to prevent worker exploitation. Industrial relations scholars and practitioners therefore support institutional interventions to improve the workings of the employment relationship and to protect workers’ rights. The nature of these institutional interventions, however, differ between two camps within industrial relations. 10] The pluralist camp sees the employment relationship as a mixture of shared interests and conflicts of interests that are largely limited to the employment relationship. In the workplace, pluralists therefore champion grievance procedures, employee voice mechanisms such as works councils and labor unions, collective bargaining, and labor-management partnerships. In the policy arena, pluralists advocate for minimum wage laws, occupational health and safety standards, international labor standards, and other employment and labor laws and public policies. 11] These institutional interventions are all seen as methods for balancing the employment relationship to generate not only economic efficiency, but also employee equity and voice. [12] In contrast, the Marxist-inspired critical camp sees employer-employee conflicts of interest as sharply antagonistic and deeply embedded in the socio-political-economic system. From this perspective, the pursuit of a balanced employment relationship gives too much weight to employers’ interests, and instead deep-seated structural reforms are needed to change the sharply antagonistic employment relationship that is inherent within capitalism. Militant trade unions are thus frequently supported. History Industrial relations has its roots in the industrial revolution which created the modern employment relationship by spawning free labor markets and large-scale industrial organizations with thousands of wage workers. [9] As society wrestled with these massive economic and social changes, labor problems arose. Low wages, long working hours, monotonous and dangerous work, and abusive supervisory practices led to high employee turnover, violent strikes, and the threat of social instability. Intellectually, industrial relations was formed at the end of the 19th century as a middle ground between classical economics and Marxism, with Sidney Webb and Beatrice Webb’s Industrial Democracy (1897) being the key intellectual work. Industrial relations thus rejected the classical econ. Institutionally, industrial relations was founded by John R. Commons when he created the first academic industrial relations program at the University of Wisconsin in 1920. Early financial support for the field came from John D. Rockefeller, Jr. ho supported progressive labor-management relations in the aftermath of the bloody strike at a Rockefeller-owned coal mine in Colorado. In Britain, another progressive industrialist, Montague Burton, endowed chairs in industrial relations at Leeds, Cardiff and Cambridge in 1930, and the discipline was formalized in the 1950s with the formation of the Oxford School by Allan Flanders and Hugh Clegg. [13] Industrial relations was formed with a strong p roblem-solving orientation that rejected both the classical economists’ laissez faire solutions to labor problems and the Marxist solution of class revolution. It is this approach that underlies the New Deal legislation in the United States, such as the National Labor Relations Act and the Fair Labor Standards Act. Industrial relations scholars have described three major theoretical perspectives or frameworks, that contrast in their understanding and analysis of workplace relations. The three views are generally known as unitarism, pluralist and radical. Each offers a particular perception of workplace relations and will therefore interpret such events as workplace conflict, the role of unions and job regulation differently. The radical perspective is sometimes referred to as the â€Å"conflict model†, although this is somewhat ambiguous, as pluralism also tends to see conflict as inherent in workplaces. Radical theories are strongly identified with Marxist theories, although they are not limited to these. Pluralist perspective In pluralism, the organization is perceived as being made up of powerful and divergent sub-groups, each with its own legitimate loyalties and with their own set of objectives and leaders. In particular, the two predominant sub-groups in the pluralist perspective are the management and trade unions. Consequently, the role of management would lean less towards enforcing and controlling and more toward persuasion and co-ordination. Trade unions are deemed as legitimate representatives of employees, conflict is dealt by collective bargaining and is viewed not necessarily as a bad thing and, if managed, could in fact be channeled towards evolution and positive change. Unitarist perspective In unitarism, the organization is perceived as an integrated and harmonious whole with the ideal of â€Å"one happy family†, where management and other members of the staff all share a common purpose, emphasizing mutual cooperation. Furthermore, unitarism has a paternalistic approach where it demands loyalty of all employees, being predominantly managerial in its emphasis and application. Consequently, trade unions are deemed as unnecessary since the loyalty between employees and organizations are considered mutually exclusive, where there can’t be two sides of industry. Conflict is perceived as disruptive and the pathological result of agitators, interpersonal friction and communication breakdown. Marxist/Radical perspective This view of industrial relations looks at the nature of the capitalist society, where there is a fundamental division of interest between capital and labour, and sees workplace relations against this background. This perspective sees inequalities of power and economic wealth as having their roots in the nature of the capitalist economic system. Conflict is therefore seen as inevitable and trade unions are a natural response of workers to their exploitation by capital. Whilst there may be periods of acquiescence, the Marxist view would be that institutions of joint regulation would enhance rather than limit management’s position as they presume the continuation of capitalism rather than challenge it†¦ Industrial relations today By many accounts, industrial relations today is in crisis. 14][15][16] In academia, its traditional positions are threatened on one side by the dominance of mainstream economics and organizational behavior, and on the other by postmodernism. In policy-making circles, the industrial relations emphasis on institutional intervention is trumped by a neoliberal emphasis on the laissez faire promotion of free markets. In practice, labor unions are declining and fewer companies have industrial relations functions. The number of academic programs in industrial relations is therefore shrinking, and scholars are leaving the field for other areas, especially human resource management and organizational behavior. The importance of work, however, is stronger than ever, and the lessons of industrial relations remain vital. The challenge for industrial relations is to re-establish these connections with the broader academic, policy, and business worlds.

Counselling Psychology Essay

During the history of psychology and counselling a wide range of attitudes and approaches have been developed in order to provide individuals with the ability to explore his or her inner world through varied strategies and modes of interaction. The aim was to increase the level of awareness as well as the level of motivation and changes (Sarnoff, 1960). According to Stefflre & Burks (1979), Counselling doesn’t just occur between two people, â€Å"it denotes a professional relationship between a trained counsellor and a client. This relationship is usually person-to-person, although it may sometimes involve more than two people†, it also focuses upon the stimulation of personal development in order to maximize personal and social effectiveness and to forestall psychologically crippling disabilities (p.14). For this assignment the Psychoanalytic Theoretical approach to Counselling will be examined, along with its theorist Sigmund Freud and the therapeutic techniques assoc iated with this theoretical approach. Before one can begin to explore techniques of psychoanalysis, it is important to briefly review Freud’s psychoanalytic theory, the developmental personality and his stages of psychological development. Psychoanalytic theory and its practice originated in the late nineteenth century in the work of Sigmund Freud. According to Sarnoff (1960), psychoanalytic theory is considered to be the historical foundation of therapy. It describes the â€Å"mechanisms of ego defence which serve to protect the individual against external and internal threat† it also offers a distinctive way of thinking about the human mind and how it responds to psychological distress (p. 251). This theory has evolved into a complex, multifaceted and internally fractured body of knowledge situated at the interface between the human and natural sciences, clinical and counselling practice and academic theory. Therefore the term psychoanalysis refers to both Freud’s original attempt at providing a comprehensive theory of the mind and also the associated treatment (Wachtel & Messer, 1997, p.39-42). Freud viewed human nature as dynamic, that is, he believed in the transformation and exchange of energy withi n the personality. These dynamic concepts consist of instincts, libido, cathexis, anticathexis and anxiety and are related to the way one distributes psychic energy (Hergenhahn & Olson, 2007). In attempting to account for why human beings behave as they do, Freud invented the topographic and structural models of personality. The topographical model or â€Å"iceberg† of the mind was intended to help analysts understand how patients repress wishes, fantasies, and thoughts. In the topographical model, the mind is divided into conscious, preconscious, and unconscious systems (Passer & Smith, 2007, p.443-445). The conscious system includes all that we are subjectively aware of in our minds. The preconscious includes material that we are capable of becoming aware of, but do not happen to be aware of currently. According to Freud (as cited in Passer & Smith, 2007, p.444), the metaphor of â€Å"the psyche is like an iceberg† was proposed. Like an actual iceberg only the upper ten percent of it is visible or conscious and the rest is submerged and unseen below the water’s surface. So likewise, most human behaviour results from unconscious motivation, hence the unconscious system includes material that we have defensively removed from our awareness by means of repression and other defence mechanisms. So when unconscious materials attempt to enter the conscious level, a â€Å"censor† function (repression) pushes it back or lets it through in a disguised form (Ewen, 1992). As a result, counsellors try to move unconscious material to the preconscious and then to the conscious mind, to increase the patient’s self-awareness. With this model Freud realized that their was certain explanatory limitations, such as the model’s inability to account for certain forms of psychopathology and as a result developed an alternative that explained normal and abnormal personality development. This alternative is known as the structural model (Brammer, Shostrum & Abrego, 1989). According to Freud (as cited in Gladding, 2000, p.187-188), the structural model for psychoanalysis consists of three psychic structures the id, ego and superego, which differ in terms of power and influence. These parts symbolise the different aspects of a person’s personality. The id and superego are confined to the unconscious and the ego operates mainly in the conscious but also interacts with the preconscious and unconscious of the topographical model. The id which develops within the next three years of an individual’s life is the source of ones motivation, and includes sexual and aggressive drives. Sigmund Freud’s theory believed that both the sexual and aggressive drives are powerful determinants of why people act as they do; it involves an analysis of the root cause or causes of behaviour and feelings by exploring the unconscious mind and the conscious mind’s rel ation to it. This id demands the satisfaction of the antisocial instincts and obeys an inexorable ‘pleasure principle’. The id is viewed as not having any logic, values or ethics, for example the id wants whatever feels good at a certain time (Hergenhahn & Olson, 2007). Therefore Freud saw that it was urgent to control the pleasure principle and he postulated that there must be a ‘super-ego’ to control the id. The ego can be viewed as the executive of personality; it consists of a group of mechanisms such as reality-testing, judgment and impulse control. It incorporates these techniques so it is able to control the demands of the id and of other instincts, becoming aware of stimuli, and serving as a link between the id and the external world (Pervin, Cervone & John, 2005). As an individual’s ego develops so does the perception of reality and a wider view beyond, the pleasures of subjective gratification, is attained. Therefore the pleasure principle that was devel oped by Freud was replaced by the reality principle (Garcia, 1995). As described by the psychoanalytic theory, the psychological conflict that the ego faces, in respect to dealing with the demands of the superego and the id, is an intrinsic and pervasive part of human experience. For example, if an individual is under pressure and the balance is tipped too far towards one element, thus creating excessive anxiety, the ego is forced to take extreme measures to relieve the pressure, by incorporating what is know as defence mechanisms (Passer & Smith, 2007, p.444-445). These principle defences consists of repression, projection, reaction formation, displacement, regression, rationalization, denial and identification, these are used to defend the ego and are known in therapy as denial or repression. Therefore the way in which a person characteristically resolves the instant gratification versus longer-term reward dilemma, in many ways comes to reflect on their â€Å"character† (Kleep, 2008). In contrast to the id is the superego, which is developed at around age five. It is the internalized representation of the traditional values, ideas and moral standards of society and strives for perfection (Pervin et al., 2005). Counsellors who use the structural model commonly focus on helping patients handle conflicts that occur between these three mental agencies by assessing the level of functioning of the client’s id, ego, and superego, the specific areas of weakness and strength in each (Garcia, 1995). For example, counsellors usually diagnose a patient as psychotic if his or her ego suffers a severe impairment in reality-testing. Freud believed that human social and personality development occurs through his psychoanalytic theory of development. This theory consists of five stages the oral, anal, phallic, latency and genital. These are characterized by a dominant mode of achieving libidinal pleasure and by specific development tasks. An individual’s personality according to Freud has been shaped by the age of five and he believes this tim e is the most critical for an individual (Hergenhahn & Olson). During these years if an individual is able to successfully negotiate these stages, then healthy personality develops. However, if through â€Å"over-gratification† or â€Å"under-gratification†, conflicts are not resolved adequately specific traits and characters develop and continue through to adulthood. Therefore, Freud believed that the three early stages of development often brought individuals to counselling because there were not properly resolved (Pervin et al., 2005). According to Gladding (2000),†Counsellors who work psychoanalytically should understand at which stage a client is functioning because the stages are directly linked to the plan of treatment† (p.189). Children experience conflicts in different stages of development. In each stage, conflict centers on a different theme. In Freud’s oral sensory stage, which occurs from birth to one year, conflict at this point centers on feeding. Children in this stage want to eat things that the Ego tells them is not good for them. Freud believed that some individuals do not pass this stage successfully and remained dependent and overly optimistic. Such people also find it hard to make intimate friends with others and fear loss which may be accompanied by ‘greed’ (Passer & Smith, 2007, p.443-445). Individuals who are considered to have an oral personality are usually narcissistic which means according to the DSM IV-TR â€Å"enduring pattern[s] of inner experience and behaviour† that are sufficiently rigid and deep-seated to bring a person into repeated conflicts with his or her social and occupational environment† (Barlow & Durand, 2005, p.445). In other words the individual is characterized by an inflated sense of self-importance, need for admiration, extreme self-involvement, and lack of empathy for others. However, this disorder is only diagnosed when these behaviours become persistent and very disabling or distressing (Barlow & Durand, 2005). In the second stage which is known as t he anal stage and occurs in the second year of life, conflict centers on bowel training. In counseling this stage involves two phases, one is an aggressive phase. This allows the client to share information that was stored up. The other phase is the retentive phase, where clients may hold on to their negative beliefs and attitudes until they are ready to release them. The reason for such behavior by clients is because they may find some pleasure in resisting and withholding this information (Garcia, 1995). The controversial â€Å"Oedipal complex† for boys or â€Å"Electra complex† for girls occurs in the phallic stage and happens around three to five years. This stage is seen by counselors as the phase of initiation and transition. According to Garcia (1995), â€Å"Counselors may act as initiators by providing appropriately challenging experiences within the scope of each individual’s potential for mastery† (p.499). Freud proposed children at this stage compete with the same sex parent for the affection of the opposite sex parent for example boys desire to have their mother but are prevented by the presence of their father (see Appendix 1). Fear of punishment forces repression of such desires and consequently the superego is developed. To unsuccessfully go through this stage is believed to be associated with obsessive compulsive behaviours (Passer & Smith, 2007, p.446-447). Psychoanalysts pointed out several reasons why the Oedipal complex seem unreal to individuals. Firstly, individuals are unable to comprehend their own Oedipal complex when they were children and what was comprehended was energetically repressed almost as soon as individuals became aware of it. Secondly, individuals gradually accept their culture’s perception for their sexual and aggressive life (Klepp, 2008). In the Caribbean for example boys have more freedom than girls and they learn that they must become like their father, who is stereotypically aggressive, ambitious, powerful, and in direct contrast to his mother, who is stereotypically passive, obedient and nurturing and according to societal norms girls should also possess such traits. T herefore because of societal perspectives on an individual’s life, it is considered as the norm and is accepted for a man to possess more than one female. However it is unorthodox and frowned upon for females to behave in this manner. The fourth stage which is known as the Latency occurs from age six years until puberty. In this stage sexual instincts are repressed and superego is fully developed. At this time clients may be initiating and cultivating new and transitional alliances outside of the helping relationship (Garcia, 1995). The fifth and last stage which is known as the genital stage begins with puberty and continues for the rest of adult life. Mature sexuality is the theme of this stage. This stage is also known as the definitive phase of the counseling process and marks the end of the counseling process and the beginning of its outcome which would be demonstrated over time (Garcia, 1995). Freud suggested strongly that personality was essentially established when the Oedipus and Electra complexes were successfully resolved (Hergenhahn & Olson, 2007, p.40-43). Patients usually get in contact with a psychoanalytic counsellor when defences have failed and anxiety has developed. Therefore, the primary goal of counselling, within a psychoanalytic frame of reference, is to make the unconscious conscious. By doing so any material that is repressed is brought to the conscious level and can be dealt with (Wachtek & Messer, 1997). According to Freud (as cited in, Pervin, Cervone & John, 2005, p. 74-82), unhealthy individuals are unaware of the many factors that cause their behaviour and emotions and as a result these unconscious factors have the potential to produce unhappiness, which in turn is expressed through a score of distinguishable symptoms, including disturbing personality traits, difficulty in relating to others and disturbances in self-esteem or general disposition. The counsellor employs a variety of techniques to tap into a patient’s unconscious such as free association, dream analysis, analysis of transference, analysis of resistance and interpretation. All these methods have the long-term goal of strengthening the ego (Gladding, 2000, p.192-194). Free association is a method that replaced hypnosis in Freud’s therapy. It consists of a patient speaking about any subject matter one basically abandons his or her customary conscious control over one’s behaviour and gives free verbal expression to every thought, feeling or impulse of which one becomes aware. Conclusions are then based on what was said and by doing this the counsellor is hoping that the client will abandon all normal forms of censoring, or editing their thoughts (Rieber, 2006). An example of the use of free association is lying on a couch, in dim light and in a peaceful room, the patient produces the following free association: â€Å"I am thinking of the fluffy clouds I seem to see with my very eyes. They are white and pearly. The sky is full of clouds but a few azure patches can still be seen here and there†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Ewen, 1992, p.57). Colby (1960) pointed out that, this technique often leads to some recollection of past experiences and at times a release of intense feelings such as catharsis that have been blocked but resistance may occur during free association (p.54-58).. This means that the patient is unable to recall traumatic past events. Therefore, one task of the counsellor would be to overcome resistance. Blocking or disruptions in associations serve as cues to anxiety arousing material. According to Grà ¼nbaum (1986), free association is not a valid method of accessing the patients’ repressed memories because there is no way of ensu ring that the analyst is capable of distinguishing between the patients’ actual memories and imagined memories constructed due to the influence of the analyst’s leading questions (p. 226). Another type of technique that is related to free association is transference. Pervin et al., (2005) stated that, â€Å"transference refers to a patient’s development of attitudes towards the counsellor based on attitudes held by that patient toward earlier parental figures† (p.129). In other words it is the client’s unconscious shifting to the counsellor of feelings and fantasies that are reactions to significant others in the patient’s past and present (Stefflre & Burks, 1979). This process is encouraged by the client reclining vulnerably on a couch, with the counsellor out of sight and remaining a â€Å"blank slate† as much as possible. At this time a parent child relationship is developed among client and counsellor and therefore transfers the patient’s old emotions with his or her actual parents unto the counsellor. This makes for an extremely difficult situation in which the counsellor has a huge amount of influence, which is necessary but requires care and restraint (Sue & Sue, 2007). Freud initially believed transference was a hurdle in counselling. However, he eventually recognized that transference is a universal phenomenon and also occurs outside of the counselling session. But in order for the counselling section to produce change the transference relationship must be work through. Work through occurs after transference in the case of most learning, the insights gained through psychoanalytic counselling must be practiced to integrate them in one’s life. It other words it allows the client to understand the influence of the past on his or her present situation, to accept it emotionally as well as intellectually, and to use the new understanding to make changes in present life. By doing this the client will also learn to avoid repressing the material (Schaeffer, 1998; Ewen, 1992). Ewen (1992) pointed out, several disadvantages to the transference technique. Firstly, this technique can not be effectively applied to group counselling. Secondly, â€Å"it is possible for the transference to become extremely negative as when powerful distrust or obstinacy is displaced from a castrating parent to counsellor† and the counsellor must be very careful not to aggravate deserved love or hate which would give the client a valid excuse for refusing to recognise and learn from the transference technique (p.59). Warwar & Greenberg (2000) discussed recent changes in psychoanalytic theory. Rather than presenting a problem, countertransference currently is considered to be a fundamental, useful component of the psychoanalytic counselling process, because it provides the counsellor with useful information about the counselling relationship (p.571-600). Countertransference occurs when the counsellor begins to project his or her own unresolved conflicts unto the client. While transference of the client’s conflicts unto the counsellor is considered a healthy and normal part of psychoanalytic counselling, the counsellor’s job is to remain neutral as not to breech any of the ethical codes of counselling (Rosenberger & Hayes, 2002). Individuals are seen as being motivated by their past and present relationships, rather than by biological urges when this technique is in use, therefore the counselling relationship is seen as real. Thus client’s behaviour is not seen primarily as transference, but as responses in a current relationship. In addition, change is understood to be the result of the constructive emotional experience of the counselling relationship, rather than the result of insight. This new emphasis on the reality and importance of this type of relationship appears to be integrated into other approaches to counselling as well (Sue & Sue, 2007). Some criticisms of countertransference are that it can be damaging if not proper ly managed. With proper monitoring, however, some sources show that counter-transference can play an important role. Counsellors are encouraged to pay close attention to their feelings in respect to this technique, and to seek peer review and supervisory guidance as needed. Rather than eliminating counter-transference altogether, the goal is to use those feelings productively rather than harmfully (Schaeffer, 1998). The basic method of psychoanalysis is interpretation. Brammer, Shostrum & Abrego (1989) states, â€Å"interpretation is an attempt by the counsellor to impart meaning to the client. Interpretation means presenting the client with a hypothesis about relationships or meanings among his or her behaviours† (p.175). In psychoanalytic counselling the counsellor is silent as much as possible, in order to encourage the patient’s free association and to interpret resistances and repressions that the client has not yet understood, but is capable of tolerating and incorporating, s o as to better understand the unconscious conflicts that are interfering with daily functioning, such as phobias and depression (Clark, 1995). Interpretations by the counsellor appear to be the critical variable in counselling success, along with client insight about underlying motivations, in order to achieve client goals. Therefore the goal of interpretation is to enable the ego to assimilate new material and to speed up the process of uncovering further unconscious materials (Wachtel & Messer, 1997). According to Clark (1995) Interpretation was rejected by critics as a valid technique because, â€Å" it was perceived as undermining the counsellors relationship, minimizing or subverting client responsibility and restricting the counselling process to an intellectual endeavour† (p.486). Freud (as cited in Passer & Smith, 2007, p.170-172) saw dreams as the major source of insight into the unconscious and as very important. Dreams are seen as the â€Å"royal road to the unconscious† and are not literal in nature but symbolic. Dreams also consist of two levels of content the latent and manifest. Dream Analysis is a very imperfect science, as there are many levels of distortion between the patient’s unconscious and the counsellor’s interpretation, bearing in mind, according to Freud, dreams are interpreted in terms of phallic meanings (Hergenhahn & Olson, 2007). For example it is amazing how many ordinary items can be interpreted as being a penis such as chair legs or a vagina such as purses. Each fragment of a dream leads quickly to the disclosure of unconscious memories and fantasies and then unto associations of other topics. Another technique that is involved in the psychoanalytic process of counselling is Analysis of resistance. Although a client may feel the need to change and truly desire help for themselves through the counsellor many things can enter the picture to alter this change; these things are referred to as resistance. Resistance refers to any idea, attitude, feelings or action which can be conscious or unconscious that fosters the status quo and gets in the way of change. For example: missed or being late for appointments, rambling on about the economy or politics, any type of distraction that seems to keep the client from actually focusing on the real issues is considered resistance (Sue & Sue, 2007,p.98). According to Gladding â€Å"a counsellor’s analysis of resistance can assist clients gain insight to their situation and other behaviours (p.193). Psychoanalytic theory has been applied to counselling in terms of the assessment of personality. This theory is the underlining factor of the performance based or projective tests used in psychoanalytic counselling. These assessments assist counsellors in the analysis of individuals’ unconscious thoughts, motives, feelings, conflicts and repressed problems from early childhood. These types of test generally have an unstructured response format, meaning that respondents are allowed to respond as much or as little as they like (free association) to a particular test stimulus, which is normally ambiguous (Pervin et al., 2005). The most common type of test used in this area includes the Rorschach Inkblot test. This test is a method used in psychological evaluation; it can be administered to children as young as three, adolescents and adults. This assessment tries to probe the unconscious minds of clients. The counsellor will show the subject a series of ten irregular but symmetrical inkblots and ask the client to identify the inkblot. As the patient is examining the inkblots the counsellor writes down everything the patient says or does, no matter how trivial the subject’s responses. These responses are then analysed in various ways noting not only what was said but the time taken to respond and which aspect of the drawings was focused on. At this time if a client consistently sees the images as threatening and frightening the counsellor might infer that the subject may be suffering from paranoia. Major criticisms of this test include a lack or reliability and validity. Individuals who benefit the most from psychoanalytic counselling are those middle aged clients who are searching for a meaning to life (Pervin et al., 2005). The principal concepts of psychoanalytic counselling can be grouped as structural, dynamic, and developmental concepts. This theory is a method for learning about the mind and insights into whatever the human mind produces. It is a way of understanding the processes of everyday mental functioning and the stages of development (Sue & Sue, 2007). Freud’s approach is subject to several criticisms. Firstly, it is too time consuming, expensive and generally ineffective to those who seek help from a psychoanalytic counsellor who has less disruptive developmental or situational problems and disorders. Secondly, techniques involved in psychoanalysis, such as Freud’s ideas on the interpretation of dreams and the role of free association, have been criticized. For instance, one counsellor may observe one phenomenon and interpret it one way, whereas another counsellor will observe the same phenomenon and interpret it in a completely different way that is contradictory to the first psychoanalyst’s interpretation (Stefflre & Burks, 1979). Despite the weaknesses of psychoanalysis, there are many strengths of the theory that are extremely significant. It offers an empathetic and non-judgemental environment where the client can feel safe in revealing feelings or actions that have led to stress or tension in his or her life. It also lends itself to empirical studies and provides a theoretical base support for a number of diagnostic tests (Gladding, 2000, p.194-195).Therefore, the psychoanalysis is a theory that should not be disregarded. Although it was developed a long time ago it is still applicable and an effective method of treating mental disorders such as paranoia, schizophrenia and obsessive compulsive reactions in today’s societies. 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